"History of Ancient Greek Medicine," Archaeonia: A Journey through AncientGreece,http://www.archaeonia.com/science/medicine/history.htm (January 3, 2004). 280 BC Herophilus studies the nervous system. ; see Celsus, On Medicine, introduction, ch. Herophilus also succeeded in tracing the sensory nerves leading from the brain to the eyes (III, 813K.) - specialization Erasistratus, Herophilus younger contemporary and student, was born in 304 BCE, on the island of Cos. Before travelling to Alexandria and joining Herophilus, he served as royal physician at the court of Seleucus I in Mesopotamia. None of his works has been preserved, but it appears that he wrote at least eleven treatises, of which three were devoted to anatomy, one to ophthalmology, one to midwifery, two each to the study of the pulse and to therapeutics, one to dietetics, and one entitled , which was evidently a polemic against commonly held medical views which he believed to be mistaken. - health care silos 7. Notable exceptions among Herophilus pupils were Demetrius of Apamea and Philinus of Cos. References to Galen are cited according to Claudii Galeni opera omnia, C. G. Khn, ed., 20 vols. 40-90 AD Pedanius Dioscorides -- He wrote a five volume book, De Materia, in which he described various herbs and medicinal substances and their properties 130 AD Birth of Galen, Greek physician. November 13, 1999. 240 BC) became the first scientists in antiquity to comprehensively study the anatomical underpinnings and the physiological properties of mind processes. Adrian Wills in Lancet magazine wrote about this: "Celsus and Tertullian (in On the soul) accused him of human vivisection ('Herophilus that doctor, or rather, butcher . in the town of Chalcedon, Asia Minor, and is believed to have lived until 255 BCE. 2023 . Comparitave cultures PAHAM - 2600 BC Imhotep wrote texts on. In Alexandria he lived in an environment in which the dissection of the human body did not meet with general disapproval.1 Such an atmosphere, possibly unique in Greek cities at that time, clearly proved beneficial to the development of scientific anatomy, and Herophilus researches significantly advanced this study. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herophilus, National Center for Biotechnology Information - Greek anatomist herophilus: the father of anatomy. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The .gov means its official. The result of Herophilus anatomical researches into the brain was that the Peripatetic confusion of the functions of the brain and the heart was corrected and that there was a reversal to the minority view, originally propounded by Alcmaeon, that the brain is the central organ of sensation and the seat of the intellect. For the man identified by Valerius Maximus as Herophilus, see, "Europhiles" redirects here. Revern, R. (2015). Some scholars (for example, Gossen, col. 1106 followed by Dobson, p. 21) have maintained that Herophilus rejected Praxagoras belief that the pneuma moves through the arteries and maintained that these vessels were full of blood. 280 BC-alexandrian physician-performed public dissections-studies the nervous system (first to know how the brain works) Pedanius Discorides. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 18, 19-32. government site. 280 BC. He devised a water clock to measure the pulse. Herophilus found his niche in Alexandria and stayed there the rest of his life. 260 BC) was one of Hellenistic -Alexandria's renowned scholars, a leading physician, often named the 'Father of Anatomy'. Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries. Erasistratus was also the first to dispel the notion that nerves are hollow and filled with pneuma (air); instead, he averred that they are solid, consisting of spinal marrow. Arachnoid membrane: the first and probably the last piece of the roadmap. Read the beginning or sign in for the full text. c60 AD-greek physician -surgeon that traveled with the armies of the roman empire -wrote "de material medica"- leading pharmacological text for centuries. 5. 1; see also Galen, XI, 795K. ; VIII, 212K.). Herophilus remarkable work effectively superseded that of his predecessors; later medical writers such as Roman doctor Galen of Pergamon adopted his interpretation over Aristotles. 300 BC Diocles wrote the first known anatomy book. Herophilus was born in 335 B.C. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted MeSH . His extensive research into the nervous system differentiated between blood vessels and nerves. Their careful dissections provided both a basis and a stimulus for the anatomical investigations undertaken by Galen over four centuries later. .
), foremost among which are held to be frequency of parturition, displacement of the embryo, and insufficient dilatation of the cervix. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
"On the Localisation of the Functions of the Brain with Special Reference to the Faculty of Language", Galen. He is described by Galen as a member of the dogmatic school of medicine, that is, he was a follower of the logical or dialectical method, as opposed to mere empiricism.3 Although Galen at times criticizes Herophilus for being obscure, his usual assessment is that he was a great physician commendable for the soundness of his views and especially for his combination of careful observation and reasoning. "Herophilus," World of Quotes,http://worldofquotes.com (January 3, 2004). MeSH We also learn from Soranus that Herophilus described the causes of uterus prolapsus and rightly held that only the cervix, and not the entire uterus, can protrude (p. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. From cadaveric dissections and possibly. Herophilus, also known as The Father of Anatomy, was born in 335 BCE. Herophilos was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Herophilus was an anatomist and physician who spent the majority of his life learning, teaching, living, and writing in Greek-ruled Alexandria, Egypt. He described the optic nerve and the oculomotor nerve for sight and eye movement. Herophilos emphasised the use of the experimental method in medicine, for he considered it essential to found knowledge on empirical bases. 2019; 116(2): 478, Heart Views |
304 B.C. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Birth of Galen, Greek physician. Herophilus, also known as "The Father of Anatomy", was born in 335 BCE. Times (London, England), September 30, 2002. and transmitted securely. He noticed that as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically throbbed. Before ; X, 28K. Praxagoras and Diocles had successfully distinguished between arteries and veins,4 both believing that pneuma moved through the former and blood through the latter. 12 (1925), 1932; H. Gossen, Herophilus, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopdie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, VIII (Stuttgart, 1912), 11041110; E. F. Horine, An Epitome of Ancient Pulse Lore, in Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 10 (1941), 209249; W. H. S. Jones, The Medical Writings of Anonymus Londinensis (Cambridge, 1947); F. Kudlien, Herophilus und der Beginn der Medizinischen Skepsis, in Gesnerus, 21 (1964), 113, and in H. Flashar, ed., Antike Medizin (Darmstadt, 1971), pp. Herophilos believed that exercise and a healthy diet were integral to an individual's bodily health. 74 [185], Daremberg and Ruelle, eds. To Herophilus, an imbalance of these four fluids triggered all diseases and ailments.
Herophilus first suggested that the brain might be the seat of the intellect, and he imparted special importance on all of its ventricles. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. His works are lost but were much quoted by Galen in the second century AD. 1 Being one of the most renowned scholars and physicians in Hellenistic Alexandria, he also pioneered the use of observation in scientific study. It is also known as antihemorrhagic factor and is one of the four fat-soluble vita, Alan Alan, gallon, talon raglan biathlon, heptathlon, pentathlon, tetrathlon, triathlon Guatemalan, Marlon Ellen, felon, Magellan, Mellon, melon, STENSEN, NIELS Through his fervent interest in the subject, Herophiluss discoveries made him an acclaimed medical practitioner. In The Oxford Classical Dictionary. ), and that later he taught and practiced medicine at Alexandria, first under Ptolemy Soter and subsequently under Ptolemy Philadelphua. Akademie Verlag, 1992. p.147 l.22, "Celsus on Human Vivisection at Ptolemaic Alexandria", "The discovery of the body: Human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece", https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/371071, https://doi.org/10.1177/003591572501801704, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herophilos&oldid=1147102721, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. that anatomy was useless to the therapeutic and clinical practice of medicine, as demonstrated by Herophilos's own acceptance of humoral pathology. 280295; K. F. H. Marx, Herophilus, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Medizin (Karlsruhe-Baden, 1838); and De Herophlil celeberrimi medici vita scriptis atque in medicina mentis (Gttingen, 1842); F. Solmsen, Greek Philosophy and the Discovery of the Nerves, in Museum Helveticum, 18 (1961), 150 ff. In his book, On Pulses, Herophilus wrote about his ideas on the flow of blood from the heart through the arteries and in his book on midwifery he described the duration and phases of childbirth. The brain was even thought as a sort of cooling chamber for emotions. . gEE6NUD\o[\[)tH;5kiJdD{jVVj"yLG/[6n6/?r1>q{;TuW1Q/MM6AI8R)$j! Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 280 BC - Herophilus Dissection studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves and the brain. Apart from plying his trade, he penned down at least eleven treaties, which were unfortunately lost during the great fire in the Ancient Library of Alexandria, where his works were believed to be stored in 391. Last revised: As an adult Herophilos was a teacher, and an author of at least nine texts ranging from his book titled, On Pulses, which explored the flow of blood from the heart through the arteries, to his book titled Midwifery, which discussed duration and phases of childbirth. Samia Eltemtamy: An Egyptian Scientist and Pioneer of Human Genetics. 2. anat., 7174 [184, 13 ff. Erasistratus was also the first to dispel the notion that nerves are hollow and filled with pneuma (air); instead, he averred that they are solid, consisting of spinal marrow. Herophilus (ca. He observed that it differs in size and conformation in different individuals of the same species and that occasionally it occurs on the left instead of the right side (II, 570K.). Even though dissections were performed in the following centuries and medieval times, only a few insights were added. Erasistratus was born into a medical family. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"8hC2MajfX6_qfAp87BoZsIQ08JYiUgLKNp3CWpFRmhg-86400-0"}; 2022 Mar;159:120-125. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.104. Herophilus.Herophilus, (born c. 335 bc, Chalcedon, Bithyniadied c. 280), Alexandrian physician who was an early performer of public dissections on . )and to have distinguished certain cardiac rhythms as characteristic of different periods of life (IX, 463K.). He identified at least seven pairs of cranial nerves. Herophilus of Alexandria (325-255 B. C.). ]@>l7Oln$ikAWx*l8V_BTAQL =T1[RU\
+J8LkY(>[+"oCc. He believed that respiration followed a four-stage cycle comprising the intake of fresh air, the distribution of that fresh air to the body, the intake of used air from the body, and the expulsion of this used air (XIX, 318K.). - cost of health care 2021; 18(8): 1839, World Journal of Nephrology. 315 to ca. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Edition 6, Columbia University Press, 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 10th Century He noticed that as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically throbbed. He was a forerunner of the Empiric school of medicine, founded by Herophilos's pupil Philinus of Cos,[5] which combined Herophilos's empirical impulses with critical tools borrowed from Pyrrhonist philosophy. After studying the flow of blood, he was able to differentiate between arteries and veins. His knowledge of the pulmonary blood system does not appear to have been extensive. in Chalcedon, Asia Minor (now Turkey). hTKTQ{WUeqM_RMf_RHPw-BRbE{5s'A$PX!11BR)Ep3]1g~3g !b#h(`#wu2;U'YhkJZ-xyeHt?VRZ,-ggen' Accessibility For people with pro-European attitudes, see. Surg Radiol Anat. (1868). The term "pancreas" is derived from the Greek pan, "all", and kreas, "flesh", probably referring to the organ's homogeneous appearance. Analysis of the nerves in the cranium allowed him to differentiate between nerves and blood vessels and to discover the differences between motor and sensory nerves. Disclaimer. 330 to ca. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus [baptized Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus] (b Salzburg, 1756; d Vienna, 1791). Herophilus introduced the term rete mirabile found in ungulates but not in man, as opposed to Galen, who erroneously believed it a vital human network. Dissecting with the purpose to gain knowledge about human anatomy started again in early modern times (Vesalius), more than 1600 years after Herophilos's death. Herophilus conducted detailed studies of the network of nerves located in the cranium. References
It was in anatomy that Herophilus made his greatest contribution to medical science, conducting important anatomical investigations of the brain, eye, nervous and vascular systems, and the genital organs. He said it this way: When health is absent, wisdom cannot reveal itself, art cannot manifest, strength cannot fight, wealth becomes useless, and intelligence cannot be applied.. //]]>, (b. Chalcedon, Bithynia, last third of the fourth century b.c. MerriamWebster's Biographical Dictionary, MerriamWebster, 1995. The .gov means its official. Encyclopedia.com. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies It has been theorized that accusations of vivisections is the main reason why Herophilus has not received as much recognition for his scientific investigations of the human body as Hippocrates, Galen, or Vesalius. Birth of Hippocrates, Greek father of medicine. Finally, Herophilus discovered and named various parts of the body, including a part of the sinus, torcular Herophili, and the duodenum, a part of the small intestine that measured the breadth of twelve fingers, hence its name--twelve. the existence of a nervous system by the 3rd Century BC. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Greek physician to gladiators and Roman emperors C60 AD Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica 910 Persian physician Rhazes identifies smallpox 1010 Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine 1249 Roger Bacon invents spectacles 1489 Further study of the cranium led Herophilus to describe the calamus scriptorius an area of the fourth ventricle in the human brain. F. Solmsen, Greek Philosophy and the Discovery of the Nerves, p. 179. 1998 Sep 1;23(17):1904-14. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199809010-00022. also the anatomy of the eye and medical terminology such as (in Latin translation "net like" becomes retiform/retina. Hornblower, S.& Spawford, A. in the town of Chalcedon, Asia Minor, and is believed to have lived until 255 BCE. This discovery went against Aristotles assertion that the heart was the source of human intellect and reason, which would have been the commonly held belief at the time. endstream
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Herophilus remarkable work effectively superseded that of his predecessors; later medical writers such as Roman doctor Galen of Pergamon adopted his interpretation over Aristotles. As a result of his dissections, Herophilus was able not only to distinguish the cerebrum from the cerebellum but also to demonstrate the origin and course of the nerves from the brain and spinal cord (III, 813K. Epub 2021 Dec 31. However, his anatomical knowledge passed down to the generations, providing vital input towards understanding the brain, eye, liver, and reproductive organs. Herophilos was particularly interested in the eye. ; A. Souques, Que doivent Hrophile et Erasistrate lanatomie et la physiologie du systeme nerveux?, in Bulletin de la Socit dHistoire de la Medecine, 28 (1934), 357365; F. Steckerl. Herophilos (/hrfls/; Greek: ; 335280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists. New York: Oxford University Press, 699. trans.) Despite their significant contributions, their legacy is shrouded with great controversy and grave accusations; they were accused of the unspeakable: performing vivisections on live humans. He fled to Alexandria to begin practicing medicine and commence his research. and called them paths (). Herophilus was deeply interested in the liver and, as has been seen above, he applied the methods of comparative anatomy to its study. He was also a promoter of bleeding (the letting of blood to release excess pressures in the body) as well as drug therapy. And during his research of the genital organs he drew up pictures of the ovaries, the uterus, and the Fallopian tubesalthough they were not called that at the timeand was able to make a remarkably accurate treatise about the female body for midwives and other doctors. The Egyptian Imhotep describes the diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases. Bookshelf Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/herophilus. He wrote a treatise on dietetics and recommended gymnastics as a means of preserving health. Encyclopedia of World Biography. In addition, this paper will examine the intriguing social, political and cultural interplays that determined the resonance of Herophilus and Erasistratus's work and influenced the course of history of neuroscience. Later physicians, such as Cornelius Celsus and Galen charged both Herophilus and Erasistratus with performing vivisection on condemned criminals awarded to them by the rulers of Alexandria. The remarkable research that took place in Alexandria during the third century BCE was therefore a unique event in the history of medicine and the Ancient World. ), and the Latin term calamus scriptorhis or calamus Herphill remains in current medical use. Connell, S.M. "Aristotle and Galen on sex difference and reproduction: A new approach to an ancient rivalry". Veins were believed to be filled with blood and a mixture of air and water. He was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. J Med Biogr. He took deep interest in general anatomy, and soon realized that the only way he could truly study human anatomy was by becoming the first person to perform systematic dissection of the human body, presumably on cadavers. Torcular is a Latin translation of Herophilos's label, - lenos, 'wine vat' or 'wine press'. On Semen. He named the duo denum, the beginning of the small intestine that connects the stomach with the large intestine. Herophilus also differentiated between arteries and veins. Early contribution of Alexandria medical school to the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Herophilus thoroughly described the liver and the pancreas. 2022; 6(1): em0100, Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society. 3. These terms are still in use today. ; XIV, 683K. Encyclopedia.com. 2022; 18(1 (25)): 73, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. The site is secure. There is no evidence that Herophilus made any significant contribution to the knowledge of the male organs of generation, but does seem to have made intensive studies in gynecology. This led him to further dissect the eye, and in so doing to discover the cornea, the retina, the iris, and the chorioid coat. World Neurosurg. Herophilus, also known as The Father of Anatomy, was born in 335 BCE. In this instance he did not use the technical term but retained the more familiar terminology. doi: 10.3171/foc.2007.23.1.12. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Other areas of his anatomical study include the liver, the pancreas, and the alimentary tract, as well as the salivary glands and genitalia. provided the much-needed impetus and his discoveries put the study of brain and nervous system on their modern footing. 2023; 9(2): 63, Armenian Folia Anglistika. Herophilus introduced the term rete mirabile . 2022 Feb 25;13:67. doi: 10.25259/SNI_70_2022. By 1920 there were 85 and by 1935 there were 66 med schools left. lifelong process of active participation in learning activities to enhance practice and expertise. ; IV.36, 12, Heiberg, ed.). He was the first doctor to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, predating Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius, both known for their explorations into dissecting bodies, by 1,800 years. This pioneer work was subsequently developed by Herophilus,5 who wrote treatises on this subject, and it is recordedalbeit in a late testimony6that he was the first to count the pulse by means of a clepsydra. of C. Daremberg and E. Ruelle. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. [7] He also named the duodenum, which is part of the small intestine. in the town of Chalcedon, Asia Minor, and is believed to have lived until 255 BCE. However, his anatomical knowledge passed down to the generations, providing vital input towards understanding the brain, eye, liver, and reproductive organs. He believed, erroneously, that dilatation represented the normal condition of the arteries. An excess of yellow bile led to violence, vengeance, short-temperedness, and ambition. ; VIII, 396K.). He described the optic nerve for seeing and the oculomotor nerve for eye movements. Herophilus' fame made the school a success. World of Biology, 2 volumes, Gale Group, 1999. Together, they worked at a medical school in Alexandria that is said to have drawn people from all over the ancient world due to Herophilos's fame. For a description of these two opposed schools of medical thought, see Celsus, On Medicine, intro., chs. Would you like email updates of new search results? Little is known about his personal life or even about the date and place of his death, which along with all his writings, have been lost. 330 to ca. Herophilus demonstrated the meninges, and ventricles, regarding the fourth as most important. ; I. Herophilus based this assertion upon comparative thickness and estimated that the walls of an artery were six times as thick as those of a vein (see also II, 624K.). According to Herophilus, diseases occurred when one of the four humors blocked the pneuma from reaching the brain. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. that he noted differences between the livers of men and hares. Herophilus (ca. 280 BC Herophilus studies the nervous system Mar 2, 2022. Herophilus died around 280 B.C., and his medical school dissolved soon after. A student of Hippocrates doctrine of medicine, which was based on balancing the four humours (body fluids)blood, phlegm, yellow bile (choler), and black bile (melancholy)Herophilus emphasized the curative powers of drugs, dietetics, and gymnastics. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! He also looked at the alimentary canal, the digestive system tube that extends from the mouth all the way through the body, and which includes the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, and the intestines. Celsus in De Medicina and the church leader Tertullian state that he vivisected at least 600 live prisoners,[1] though this has been contested as Herophilos appeared to have believed the arteries contained very little blood which he wouldn't have believed had he performed live dissections.[2]. He looked more in depth into the network of nerves located in the cranium. MASSAGE THERAPY. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help This led him to further dissect the eye, and in so doing to discover the cornea, the retina, the iris, and the chorioid coat. ." In the centuries that followed Herophilus and Erasistratus work, questions arose over the ethicality of their methods, and stories began to circulate that the subjects they dissected were cut up whilst still alive. 6194 0 obj
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." 8600 Rockville Pike 280 bc - Herophilus studies the nervous system Herophilus studied the ventricles (cavities) of the brain, the organ he regarded as the centre of the nervous system; traced the sinuses of the dura mater (the tough membrane covering the brain) to their junction. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Not much is known about his early life other than he moved to Alexandria at a fairly young age to begin his schooling. "Herophilus He is also credited with the discovery of the ovum,[1][10] and was the first to make a scientific description of what would later be called Skene's gland, for which in 2001 the term female prostate was accepted as a second term.[11]. He worked out standards for measuring a pulse and used these standards to aid him in diagnosing sicknesses or diseases. Epub 2017 Apr 24. Epub 2018 Oct 4. He made remarkable progress in anatomy, complementing Herophilus teachings and research, and describing the brain even more accurately, distinguishing the cerebrum from the cerebellum and sensory from motor nerves. See also C. Allbutt, Greek Medicine in Rome (London, 1921); J. F. Dobson, Herophilus, in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 18 , pts. Galen adds that Herophilus was of the opinion that these contained and elsewhere he gives the reason why Herophilus considered the optic nerve to be a particularly suitable carrier of pneuma: he had discovered by dissection that these strings were hollow (VII, 89K.). Further study of the cranium led Herophilos to describe the calamus scriptorius, which he believed was the seat of the human soul. Realizing that the network of nerves spread throughout the body could be traced back to the brain, Herophilus concluded that the brain was the controlling organ in Man, through which all bodily actions are accomplished. For the tradition that both Herophilus and Erasistratus vivisected humans, see James Lonenge, Erasistratus, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, IV, 382386. Heart Hospital, HMC, Doha, Qatar, Correspondence Address:Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: NoneCheck6DOI:10.4103/1995-705X.153008 function RightsLinkPopUp () { var url = "https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet"; var location = url + "?publisherName=" + encodeURI ('Medknow') + "&publication=" + encodeURI ('HRTV') + "&title=" + encodeURI ('History of Medicine Timeline') + "&publicationDate=" + encodeURI ('Jan 1 2015 12:00AM') + "&author=" + encodeURI ('Hajar R') + "&contentID=" + encodeURI ('HeartViews_2015_16_1_43_153008') + "&orderBeanReset=true"
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