royal family of jerusalem

The Genoese, assisted by the Pisan merchants, attacked the Venetian quarter and burned their ships, but the Venetians drove them out. By the time that the crusaders were ready supplies were already running out and the fleet retired. That year, Manuel sent a large Byzantine fleet of some 300 ships to assist Amalric, and the town of Damietta was placed under siege. The council decided to refortify Ascalon in the south and attack Damascus in the north. The crusaders were neither totally integrated with the native population, nor segregated in the cities away from the rural natives; rather they settled in both urban and rural areas; specifically, in areas traditionally inhabited by Eastern Christians. Dawud took advantage of the Ayyubid victory to recapture Jerusalem in December, the ten-year truce having expired. Then in 1277, Maria of Antioch sold her claim to the kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who sent Roger of San Severino to represent him. He completed the rebuilding of Ascalon, and also made peace with Ayyub in Egypt. Areas that were traditionally Muslim had very little crusader settlement, just as they already had very few native Christian inhabitants. During Louis IX's stay in Acre, Henry I died in 1253, and was succeeded in Cyprus by his infant son Hugh II. [33] The fall of Edessa shocked Europe, and a Second Crusade arrived in 1148. The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the royal domain. The foremost examples of crusader art are perhaps the Melisende Psalter, an illuminated manuscript commissioned between 1135 and 1143 and now located in the British Library, and the sculpted Nazareth Capitals. In the countryside, wheat, barley, legumes, olives, grapes, and dates were grown. [117][118], An unknown number of Muslim slaves lived in the Kingdom. John argued that Frederick had no legal authority to make such demands and refused to give up either title. Along the way, Walter of Brienne captured livestock intended to resupply Damascus, as the Ayyubids had probably learned of the crusaders' plans to attack it. [96] Nonetheless, the Frankish principalities remained a distinctive Occidental colony in the heart of Islam. They imported many customs and institutions from their homelands in Europe, and there were close familial and political connections with the West throughout the kingdom's existence. Humphrey went to Jerusalem and swore allegiance to Guy and Sibylla, as did most of Raymond's other supporters. [107], In the cities, Muslims and Eastern Christians were free, although no Muslims were permitted to live in Jerusalem itself. Henry II, Count of Bar was killed and Amaury of Montfort captured. 18, pg. [29] Meanwhile, in Jerusalem, the native crusader nobles opposed Fulk's preference for his Angevin retinue. [69] Conrad was unanimously elected king in April 1192, but was murdered by the Hashshashin only days later. Welcome to the Royal Funeral Home Inc. website. This a family tree of the kings of Jerusalem. 76. They blockaded the Genoese quarter, but the Genoese were supplied by the Hospitallers, whose complex was nearby, and by Philip of Montfort who sent food from Tyre. 2, pg. The few European knights who did travel to Jerusalem did not even see any combat, since the truce with Saladin had been re-established. See also Crusade Kings of Jerusalem Kingdom of Jerusalem Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem She appointed, as bailli, her husband Henry of Antioch (who was also Plaisance's uncle), but died in 1264. A Palestinian prisoner died in Israeli custody early Tuesday after a hunger strike of nearly three months, Israel's prison service announced.. Khader Adnan began his strike shortly after being . The next year, Isabella died giving birth to their son Conrad IV, who succeeded his mother to the throne although he never appeared in the east. This was disputed by another branch of the Lusignan family: Maria of Antioch, daughter of Bohemond IV of Antioch and Melisende of Lusignan (herself a daughter of Isabella I and Amalric II), claimed the throne as the oldest living relative of Isabella I, but for the moment her claim was ignored. Paintings and mosaics were popular forms of art in the kingdom, but many of these were destroyed by the Mamluks in the 13th century; only the most durable fortresses survived the reconquest. The influence of Jerusalem was further extended over Edessa and Antioch, where Baldwin II acted as regent when their own leaders were killed in battle, although there were regency governments in Jerusalem as well during Baldwin's captivity. The king just as often held court at Acre, Nablus, Tyre, or wherever else he happened to be. Both John and Filangieri raced back to Cyprus to assert their authority, and the imperial forces were defeated at the Battle of Agridi on June 15. With Ayyub's support, they sacked Jerusalem in the summer of 1244, leaving it in ruins and useless to both Christians and Muslims. Whether you would like to learn more about planning a funeral or grief support, or you're just looking for general information on funeral arrangements, please feel free to look around. The Inaugural Reunion of the Davidic Dynasty was held at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York. The regency in Acre was then claimed by Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan and his cousin Hugh of Brienne, and Hugh II died in 1267 before he reached the age of majority. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. In order to bolster the defences of the kingdom against the growing strength of the Muslims, Baldwin III made the first direct alliance with the Byzantine Empire, by marrying Theodora Comnena, a niece of emperor Manuel; Manuel married Baldwin's cousin Maria. It was probably around this time that Raynald also attacked a Muslim caravan. In Damascus, Isma'il recognized the threat of Dawud and Ayyub against his own possessions, and turned to the crusaders for assistance. [87], A new crusade was discussed at the Council of Lyon in 1245 by Pope Innocent IV. ), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHolt1989 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGil1997 (, The First Crusade is extensively documented in primary and secondary sources. The crusaders may have been aware of the new divisions among the Ayyubids; al-Kamil had occupied Damascus in 1238 but had died soon afterwards, and his territory was inherited by his family. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Dynastic ties also strengthened with Tripoli, Antioch, and Armenia. Finding the mainland ungovernable, Hugh III left for Cyprus, leaving Balian of Arsuf as bailli. The Italian city-states made enormous profits from this trade, thanks to commercial treaties like the Pactum Warmundi, and it influenced their Renaissance in later centuries. From the Muslim perspective, a chief source of information is Usamah ibn Munqidh, a soldier and frequent ambassador from Damascus to Jerusalem and Egypt, whose memoirs, Kitab al i'tibar, include lively accounts of crusader society in the east. One example is the first-century Tomb of the Kings, the burial place of the queen of Adiabene and her son. Family tree of Kingdom of Jerusalem monarchs, "Family tree of Kingdom of Jerusalem monarchs", Learn how and when to remove this template message. [54], Hugh III of Burgundy was expected to come to Jerusalem and marry Sibylla, but Hugh was unable to leave France due to the political unrest there in 11791180 following the death of Louis VII. With the Fall of Ruad in 1302, the Kingdom of Jerusalem lost its final outpost on the Levantine coast, its possession closest to the Holy Land now being Cyprus. That year Qalawun captured the Hospitaller fortress of Marqab. 1. The royal family only changed its policy on official visits to Israel almost a quarter of a century later, in 2018, when Prince William, Prince Philip's grandson, visited Israel, the. Tyerman, pp. The Kingdom of Jerusalem, officially known as the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem,[4] was a Crusader state that was established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade. Al-Kamil retreated to the nearby fortress of al-Mansurah, but the crusaders remained in Damietta throughout 1219 and 1220, awaiting the arrival of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, while King John returned to Acre briefly to defend against al-Mu'azzam, who was raiding the kingdom from Damascus in John's absence. The Sunni Seljuks had formerly ruled the Great Seljuk Empire, but this empire had collapsed into several smaller states after the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092. In 1200 Al-Adil proclaimed himself Sultan of Egypt and Syria, entrusting Damascus to al-Mu'azzam and al-Jazira to another son, al-Kamil. There were also plans to join with al-Kamil in attacking al-Mu'azzam in Damascus, an alliance which had been discussed with Egyptian envoys in Italy. The first laws of the kingdom were, according to tradition, established during Godfrey of Bouillon's short reign, but were more probably established by Baldwin II at the Council of Nablus in 1120. [115] Contemporary chronicler William of Tyre recorded the census of 1183, which was intended to determine the number of men available to defend against an invasion, and to determine the amount of tax money that could be obtained from the inhabitants, Muslim or Christian. According to Ludolph of Suchem (which seems exaggeration): "In Acre and the other places nearly a hundred and six thousand men were slain or taken, and more than two hundred thousand escaped from thence. At first the kingdom was little more than a loose collection of towns and cities captured during the First Crusade, but at its height in the mid-12th century, the kingdom encompassed roughly the territory of modern-day Israel, Palestine and the southern parts of Lebanon. In June 1258, Philip and the Hospitallers marched on Acre while a Genoese fleet attacked the city by sea. Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt in 1166, and Shawar again allied with Amalric, who was defeated at the Battle of al-Babein. The nobles, along with the bishops, formed the haute cour (high court), which was responsible for confirming the election of a new king (or a regent if necessary), collecting taxes, minting coins, allotting money to the king, and raising armies. 27, pp. Edward left in 1272, and despite the Second Council of Lyon's plans for another crusade in 1274, no further large-scale expedition ever arrived. The kingship of Jerusalem was partially elective and partially hereditary. Tutush's sons Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan and Duqaq inherited Aleppo and Damascus respectively, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other, as well as Kerbogha, the atabeg of Mosul. [77], The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 called for a new, better-organized crusade against Egypt. The New York dinner was just a warm-up for the main event, "an historic reunion in Jerusalem next spring" in which organizers expect more than . A brief intervention in 11371138 by the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus, who wished to assert imperial suzerainty over all the crusader states, did nothing to stop the threat of Zengi; in 1139 Damascus and Jerusalem recognized the severity of the threat to both states, and an alliance was concluded which halted Zengi's advance. War broke out between the Venetians and Genoese again in 1287, and Tripoli fell to Qalawun in 1289. [9], The First Crusade was preached at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II, with the goal of assisting the Byzantine Empire against the invasions of the "Turks and Arabs" and "to destroy this vile race from the lands of our friends. Amalric accomplished nothing else, but his actions prompted Shawar to switch sides again and seek help from Shirkuh. Looking for a place to stay in Jerusalem? . The native crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities. Raymond had refused to attend the coronation, and in Nablus he suggested that Isabella and Humphrey should be crowned instead, but Humphrey refused to agree to this plan which would have certainly started a civil war. 570-575. His sons al-Adil abu Bakr and as-Salih Ayyub inherited Egypt and Damascus. For instance: "The royal family owns or profits from more than 1 percent of the land in the United Kingdom. Marwan Nader questions this and suggests that the canons may not have applied to the whole kingdom at all times. His sons claimed various parts of his empire: az-Zahir took control of Aleppo, al-Aziz Uthman held Cairo, while his eldest son, al-Afdal, retained Damascus. Zengi's territory had been divided amongst his sons after his death, and Damascus no longer felt threatened, so an alliance had been made with Zengi's son Nur ad-Din, the emir of Aleppo. Henry II himself arrived in May during the siege, but the city fell on May 18. In December 1182, Raynald launched a naval expedition on the Red Sea, which made it as far south as Rabigh. 19, pg. Aimery had already inherited Cyprus from Guy, and had been crowned king by Frederick Barbarossa's son, Emperor Henry VI. The Jerusalem Post Customer Service Center can be contacted with any questions or requests: Telephone: *2421 * Extension 4 Jerusalem Post or 03-7619056 Fax: 03-5613699 E-mail: subs@jpost.com Unlike Raynald's attacks on caravans, which may have had some military purpose, Guy attacked a group that was usually loyal to Jerusalem and provided intelligence about the movements of Saladin's troops. [73], The Ayyubid empire had fallen into civil war after the death of Saladin in 1193. [109] Contact between Muslims and Christians came on the administrative or personal level (on the basis of taxes or translation), not communal or cultural, representative of a hierarchical lord over subject relationship. Many Muslims are sorely tempted to settle here when they see the far from comfortable conditions in which their brethren live in the districts under Muslim rule. The fall of Jerusalem essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. T he royal who was inked in Jerusalem. Fulcher, a participant in the First Crusade and chaplain of Baldwin I, continued his chronicle up to 1127. The crusaders returned to Acre, possibly because the native barons of the kingdom were suspicious of Filangieri in Tyre. Baldwin was able to replace Manasses with one of his own supporters, Humphrey II of Toron. They sacked Baghdad in 1258, and Aleppo and Damascus in 1260, destroying both the Abbasid caliphate and the last vestiges of the Ayyubid dynasty. Much of the population, swollen with refugees fleeing Saladin's conquest of the surrounding territory, was allowed to flee to Tyre, Tripoli, or Egypt (whence they were sent back to Europe), but those who could not pay for their freedom were sold into slavery, and those who could were often robbed by Christians and Muslims alike on their way into exile. Raymond himself refused to do so and left for Tripoli; Baldwin of Ibelin also refused, gave up his fiefs, and left for Antioch. However, al-Kamil presumably did not know of the small size of Frederick's army, nor the divisions within it caused by his excommunication, and wished to avoid defending his territories against another crusade. Saladin attacked Kerak again in April, and in May, a Muslim raiding party ran into the much smaller embassy on its way to negotiate with Raymond, and defeated it at the Battle of Cresson near Nazareth. The Order of St John, formally known as The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, is a Royal Order of Chivalry first constituted as such by Royal Charter from Queen Victoria in 1888. Prince Philip heartbreak:Duke's crippling Royal Family dilemma exposed Before her death in December 1969, she requested that she be laid to rest in the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. Guy was on the verge of attacking Raymond, but realized that the kingdom would need to be united in the face of the threat from Saladin, and Balian of Ibelin effected a reconciliation between the two during Easter in 1187. Saladin attempted to besiege Beirut from land and sea, and Baldwin raided Damascene territory, but neither side did significant damage. Reality Check: Israel's modern-day royal family . At Easter in 1180, Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Balian's brother Baldwin of Ibelin. [66], Over the next few months, Saladin easily overran the entire kingdom. Friday's. Since Raymond was his nearest relative in the male line with a strong claim to the throne, there was concern about the extent of his ambitions, although he had no direct heirs of his own. Eustace was uninterested, and instead the crown passed to Baldwin's relative, probably a cousin, Baldwin of Le Bourg, who had previously succeeded him in Edessa. Richard returned to Europe in 1241. The ra'is, the leader of a Muslim or Syriac community, was a kind of vassal to whatever noble owned his land, but as the crusader nobles were absentee landlords the ra'is and their communities had a high degree of autonomy.[106]. The series was created by executive producer Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by David Garber, Shelley Jensen, Deborah Leschin, Leslie Ray, and David Steven Simon. "[25], Baldwin brought with him an Armenian wife, traditionally named Arda (although never named such by contemporaries), whom he had married to gain political support from the Armenian population in Edessa, and whom he quickly set aside when he no longer needed Armenian support in Jerusalem. Amalric and Shirkuh both besieged Bilbeis in 1164, but both withdrew due to Nur ad-Din's campaigns against Antioch, where Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli were defeated at the Battle of Harim. People could be slaves by birth, enslaved by being captured in a raid, or as a penalty for debt or for helping a runaway slave. It set on the march in 608 BC, moving through Judah. There's a British Royal Buried in Jerusalem And 9 . In Jerusalem, the royal family lived firstly on the Temple Mount, before the foundation of the Knights Templar, and later in the palace complex surrounding the Tower of David; there was another palace complex in Acre. [133] [112] Rather, the commonality of Frankish Christians having non-Frankish priests, doctors, and other roles within households and inter-cultural communities presents the lack of standardized discrimination. Louis arrived in Cyprus in 1248, where he gathered an army of his own men, including his brothers Robert of Artois, Charles of Anjou, and Alphonse of Poitiers, and those of Cyprus and Jerusalem, led by the Ibelin family John of Jaffa, Guy of Ibelin, and Balian of Beirut. [83], Meanwhile, in Italy, the Pope had used Frederick's excommunication as an excuse to invade his Italian territories; the papal armies were led by Frederick's former father-in-law John of Brienne. Palestine had always been a crossroads for trade; now, this trade extended to Europe as well. [50] Jerusalem looked again towards the Byzantine Empire for help, and Emperor Manuel was looking for a way to restore his empire's prestige after his defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176; this mission was undertaken by Raynald of Chtillon. [59], In 1183 a general tax was levied throughout the kingdom, which was unprecedented in Jerusalem and almost all of medieval Europe to that point. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Still expecting the emperor's imminent arrival, in July 1221, the crusaders set off towards Cairo, but they were stopped by the rising Nile, which al-Kamil allowed to flood by breaking the dams along its course. The sultan easily defeated the trapped crusader army and regained Damietta. Hugh was technically regent of Jerusalem as well, both for Conrad and for Conrad's son Conradin after Conrad died in 1254. But while Princess Alice sheltered a Jewish family during the war, three of her daughters were married to prominent Nazis Baldwin asserted his independence by mediating disputes in Antioch and Tripoli, and gained the support of the Ibelin brothers when they began to oppose Manasses' growing power, thanks to his marriage to their widowed mother Helvis of Ramla. John of Arsuf, John of Jaffa, John II of Beirut, the Templars, and the Teutonic Knights supported the Venetians, who also convinced the Pisans to join them, while the Hospitallers supported the Genoese. [21] Within this framework, a Catholic church hierarchy was established, overtop of the local Eastern Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox authorities, who retained their own hierarchies (the Catholics considered them schismatics and thus illegitimate, and vice versa). Villeins were rural semi-free laborers akin to serfs. In Acre, the two colonies disputed possession of the monastery of Saint Sabas. In the end, Nur ad-Din was victorious and Saladin established himself as Sultan of Egypt. 197, 205. [34], The failure of the Second Crusade had dire long-term consequences for the kingdom. Under the Latin Patriarch, there were four suffragan archdioceses and numerous dioceses. [71][72] A five-year truce was then concluded with the Ayyubids in Syria in 1198. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in the context of the, First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom, Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II, War of the Lombards and the Barons' Crusade, William Harris, "Lebanon: A History, 600 - 2011," Oxford University Press, p. 51, Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in. [108], 21st century positions on the question of cultural integration or cultural apartheid remain divergent. Sugar manufacturing began in Tyre. [8] Benjamin Z. Kedar estimates that there were between 300,000 and 360,000 non-Franks in the Kingdom, 250,000 of whom were villagers in the countryside, and "one may assume that Muslims were in the majority in some, possibly most parts of the kingdom of Jerusalem"[8] As Ronnie Ellenblum points out, there simply is not enough existing evidence to accurately count the population and any estimate is inherently unreliable. Qalawun died before he could retaliate, but his son al-Ashraf Khalil arrived to besiege Acre in April 1291. She is the daughter of Pesach and Lilian Burstein, and the twin sister of Mike Burstein. The kingdom was ruled by King Aimery of Lusignan (11971205), the King of Cyprus, another crusader state founded during the Third Crusade. Roger returned to Europe after the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, and was replaced by Odo Poilechien. The crusaders finally managed to starve out the city and captured it in November. Arab-Andalusian geographer and traveler Ibn Jubayr, who was hostile to the Franks, described the Muslims living under the Christian crusaders' Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late 12th-century: We left Tibnin by a road running past farms where Muslims live who do very well under the Franks-may Allah preserve us from such a temptation! While all three were independent, they were closely tied to Jerusalem. [6][7] While the majority of the population in the countryside comprised Christians and Muslims from local Levantine ethnicities, many Europeans (primarily French and Italian) also arrived to settle in villages across the region.[8]. [60], In October 1183, Isabella married Humphrey of Toron at Kerak during a siege by Saladin, who perhaps hoped to take some valuable prisoners. [82], In Cyprus, King Henry I came of age in 1232 and John's regency was no longer necessary. Almost immediately after Theobald's departure, Richard of Cornwall arrived. Their son, the future Baldwin III, was named co-heir by his grandfather. This a family tree of the kings of Jerusalem. Ronnie Ellenblum claims this view was influenced by French imperialism and colonialism; if medieval French crusaders could integrate themselves into local society, then certainly modern French colonies in the Levant could thrive. 2, bk. [86], Although the kingdom had essentially been restored, the Lombard War continued to occupy the kingdom's nobility. The Royal Family: Created by Greg Antonacci, Eddie Murphy. The king was assisted by a number of officers of state. With the help of the Genoese merchants, the commune recaptured Beirut. Egypt, concerned about the new threat posed by the Babylonians, moved northward to support Assyria. Josiah C. Russell, "Population of the Crusader States", in Setton, ed. [55] Internationally, the Lusignans were useful as vassals of Baldwin and Sibylla's cousin Henry II of England. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, French scholars, such as E. G. Rey, Gaston Dodu, and Ren Grousset believed that the crusaders, Muslims and Christians lived in a totally integrated society. [67], Guy of Lusignan, who had been refused entry to Tyre by Conrad, began to besiege Acre in 1189. For the next four years Louis resided in Acre, and helped refortify that city along with Caesarea, Jaffa, and Sidon. Although Antioch was severely weakened after the Battle of Ager Sanguinis in 1119, and Baldwin himself was held captive by the emir of Aleppo from 1122 to 1124, Baldwin led the crusader states to victory at the Battle of Azaz in 1125. By JOSEF FEDERMAN April 4, 2021. This disunity among the Anatolian and Syrian emirs allowed the crusaders to overcome any military opposition they faced on the way to Jerusalem. Alice ordered Filangieri to be arrested, and along with the Ibelins and Venetians, besieged Tyre, which fell in July 1243. It is highly probable that Raymond or his supporters engineered the assassination. Aside from Latin, the standard written language of medieval Europe, the populace of crusader Jerusalem communicated in vernacular forms of French and Italian; Greek, Armenian, and even Arabic were used by Frankish settlers. Further information can be gathered from travellers such as Benjamin of Tudela and Ibn Jubayr. The primary evidence for David's career consists of several chapters in the books 1 . C Hubert H Parry (1848-1918) Hubert Parry was one of the key figures in the British musical renaissance of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as composer, educator and writer. However, other European nobles took up the cause, including Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and King of Navarre, Peter of Dreux, and Amaury VI of Montfort, who arrived in Acre in September 1239. [103], As Hans Mayer says, "the Muslim inhabitants of the Latin Kingdom hardly ever appear in the Latin chronicles", so information on their role in society is difficult to find. This is the interpretation offered by William of Tyre, who was firmly placed in the "noble" camp, and his view was taken up by subsequent historians; in the 20th century, Marshall W. Baldwin,[43] Steven Runciman,[44] and Hans E. Mayer[45] favoured this interpretation. In 1196, al-Afdal was driven out of Damascus by al Adil in alliance with Uthman. Kitbuqa was killed and all of Syria fell under Mamluk control. Warfare between the Fatimids and Seljuks caused great disruption for the local Christians and for western pilgrims. [58] In response, Saladin attacked the kingdom in 1182, but was defeated at Belvoir Castle. Hugh III attempted to re-assert his authority on the mainland by landing at Beirut in 1283, but this was ineffective and he died in Tyre in 1284. Higher education had to be undertaken at one of the universities in Europe;[126] the development of a university was impossible in the culture of crusader Jerusalem, where warfare was far more important than philosophy or theology. [19], There was still some uncertainty about what to do with the new kingdom. Life became turbulent for Al and Victoria, who had worked so . Isabella's mother Maria and the Ibelins (now closely allied to Conrad) argued that Isabella and Humphrey's marriage was illegal, as she had been underage at the time; underlying this was the fact that Humphrey had betrayed his wife's cause in 1186. For criminal matters non-Latins were to be tried in the Cour des Bourgeois (or even the Haute Cour if the crime was sufficiently severe). Benjamin of Tudela estimated the total Jewish population of 14 cities in the kingdom to be 1,200, making the Samaritan population of the time larger than the Jewish, perhaps for the only time in history. After meeting in Acre in June, the crusading kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany agreed with Melisende, Baldwin III and the major nobles of the kingdom to attack Damascus. Once again the target was Egypt. 207; Jonathan Riley-Smith, "Some lesser officials in Latin Syria" (. Jerusalem collected money through tribute payments, first from the coastal cities which had not yet been captured, and later from other neighbouring states such as Damascus and Egypt, which the crusaders could not conquer directly. The tax helped pay for larger armies for the next few years. The inexperienced Guy led the Frankish army against Saladin's incursions into the kingdom, but neither side made any real gains, and Guy was criticized by his opponents for not striking against Saladin when he had the chance.

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