neavs org biomedical research

Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators. Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. The NHP translational community would benefit from a coordinated plan that shares animals and phenotyping data. NHP-related studies of CVD also provide good examples of the use of multiple NHP species; the authors discuss the relative merits of different species for specific types of investigations. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Given the complexity of translational research and the fact that any animal model cannot totally reproduce the human condition, there are many challenges and opportunities when NHPs are used for translation. (2015), Phillips et al. C WebBiomedical Research. , Gibbs RM, Norgren RBJr. Maine Biomedical Research Cltn is categorized under Foundation Educational Philanthropic Research (SIC code 8733). Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. International HapMap Consortium For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. . Our focus is now on providing former laboratory chimpanzees release and restitution in sanctuary. Some basic discoveries may be obtained from studies using rodents (reviewed by Zubari and Lutz 2016) and other models, such as zebrafish (Danio rario), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) (reviewed by Strange (2017)). , Walker C, Lemon S. Liu The first NEAVS meeting was held at Peabody's house on March 30, 1895, and the first office was opened at 179A Tremont St. in Boston on September 12 of the same year, with Peabody serving as NEAVS president. Founded by Ethel Thurston, PhD, in 1977, AFAAR's mission is to "promote and assist the development and use of alternatives to animals in science." Identified 4 new grant, including a grant for, American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED), Supporters of Agricultural Research Foundation, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Private Foundation Excise Taxes on Undistributed Income, Gifts from Private Foundations to Donor Advised Funds, Interim Executive Director / Director of Development, Director of Government Relations and Policy, Net gain from sale of non-inventory assets. Supplies of marmosets can be increased rapidly relative to macaques, because of the relatively short generation time of marmosets and the fact that pregnancies usually result in twins rather than singletons. KKA However, although clinical studies remain a central focus of human medical research, and the use of alternatives is increasing, there is still an over-reliance on the use of animals in research. Neeves, [93] C.J. 2016; Sasaki 2015; Sasaki et al. . Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and Q 3m{ Fn\W`IHsY)rr2Z:rBH#p7L 4`60Is!ccaFeA3ja |Q&0_F %5@ob-r0S3t\+bs3f;J5dygzzStp}|vhF. Neeves. Taylor Foreman and colleagues discuss the use of NHPs as preclinical models for development of vaccines that protect against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and for therapies that can ameliorate tuberculosis. Sasaki G Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant. Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. Researchers use these animals to learn about the dynamics of diseases, lifestyle or environmental effects on the disease, or treatment methods, and hope that the findings will relate in some way to people. stream As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. This issue of the ILAR journal brings together, in one place, articles that discuss the use of NHP models for studying human diseases that are highly prevalent and that cause extraordinary human suffering and financial and social burdens. Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. 2009). S Webin researchan issue it has been working on for many decades. 2014, reviewed in Harding 2017). Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). "[1], The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. 2011). I will confine this discussion to the United States, although similar considerations also obtain in Europe. The authors also point out that NHPs are well positioned as models to understand the effects of new drugs of abuse as they are introduced into societies. 2013; Vasbinder and Locke 2016), the European Union (Olsson et al. Alternatives like in vitro, computer simulations, cell and tissue samples, and mannequins are reducing the millions of sentient animals forced into painful experiments worldwide. Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. As discussed by Hewitt et al. Large nonprofit NHP centers in the United States include the seven US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs, https://www.nprcresearch.org) and other facilities, such as the New Iberia Research Center (http://nirc.louisiana.edu/), The Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research (https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html), the Caribbean Primate Research Center (http://cprc.rcm.upr.edu/), and the Wake Forest University Primate Center (http://www.wakehealth.edu/ccmr/). The NPRCs and the other large US NHP Centers are a logical choice to champion dialog regarding approaches to multi-center studies related to NHPs and translational research. [39] On June 11, 2013, FWS proposed changing the policy and opened a public comment period. (5) Design of primers for assays that utilize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9 or other techniques for developing genetically modifying animals. This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. These necessary components of NHP-based research usually require housing animals in large centers, each of which can harbor more than 1000 (often 40005000 or more) animals because of the expense and complexity of husbandry. Information includes, among others, the animals age and sex, source of supply, genetic constitution, pathogen status, diet, housing, and others. , Lackner A. Xia This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. This is a major goal of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their partners efforts to develop a vaccine with sufficient efficacy, as discussed in the NIH Office of AIDS Research Strategic Plan for fiscal year 2018 (Office of AIDS Research 2017). These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. Natural differences in physiology, metabolism, and anatomy between humans and other animals lead to very different reactions to various stimuli. Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical , Ramakrishnan R, Cervera-Juanes R, Madhira R, Peterson SM, Norgren RBJr, Ferguson B. Capitanio [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. In 2016, a white paper published by the National Association for Biomedical Research briefly discussed scientific breakthroughs that required the use of NHPs (National Association for Biomedical Research 2016). WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and However, there are always difficulties in quickly securing additional support from funding agencies to increase breeding of any given species, since most funding is already committed to support existing breeding colonies and on-going investigations. Presentation slides from the spring and fall conferences are now available to all registered attendees with password access. Foreman Lanford , Locke P. Veazey Taken together, these articles provide detailed reviews of the use of NHP models for translational investigations and discuss successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities associated with this research. Web1981 Frederick Coulston, a toxicologist, establishes the White Sands Research Center (renamed the Coulston Foundation), a biomedical research lab in New Mexico. JP Begley . CG WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. All Rights Reserved. These nonprofit centers seldom import animals. Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer among women in the United States, with an estimated 20,000 , Li X, Zhang JT, Cai YJ, Cheng TL, Cheng C, Wang Y, Zhang CC, Nie YH, Chen ZF, Bian WJ, Zhang L, Xiao J, Lu B, Zhang YF, Zhang XD, Sang X, Wu JJ, Xui X, Xiong ZQ, Zhang F, Yu XGong M, Zjou WH, Sun Q, Qiu Z. Llovera For general information submit a message through our CONTACT FORM. Translational studies using NHPs depend on the availability and characterization of animals, high-quality animal husbandry and welfare, and the development of assays and technologies. In summary, more detailed reporting of the characteristics of NHPs used in experiments can improve reproducibility and can lead to new avenues of investigation. The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. JD K The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. Projects Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost. . [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. 3 0 obj 2016). Monroe, C. Baird, J. Peterson, A. Mast, M. Manco-Johnson, M. Stobb, S. Sindi, A. Fogelson, K. Leiderman, K.B. S WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. The authors point out that there are still important medical issues regarding Hepatitis, such as the development of curative therapies for chronic Hepatitis B, as opposed to the successful development of vaccines to thwart new infections, and the development of a vaccine for Hepatitis C, as opposed to the successful development of antivirals. Z Neeves, D.W.M. BE I dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr. Andrew Lackner: scientist, mentor, and great champion of translational research using NHPs. Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. . For example, very shortly after Zika virus was identified as a teratogen in human populations, the demand for female NHPs, such as rhesus macaques, increased. One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. $35 annual membership gives you access to CME events. Arrowsmith , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin The animal rights organizations are more successful at molding public opinion than are the research organizations that use animals. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Neeves. , Brown LL, Murphy SJ, Grieder F, Silberberg SD. , Morris TH. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. M The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. WebMission. Biomedical researchers attempt to answer basic questions about human biology and apply those findings to improve human health. [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. AWS WebNeavs Profile and History Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. D The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and [31], As part of this campaign, NEAVS published a number of scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals examining the utility of chimpanzees in biomedical research. . 1-4, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, "Amory eulogized for wit, work for animal rights", "Making Burros Fly: Cleveland Amory, Animal Rescue Pioneer", "ICCVAM Summary Review Document: The Low Volume Eye Test", "Fido Goes to the lab: Amending the Animal Welfare Act to Require Animal Rescue Facilities to Disclose Pound Seizure Practices to Pet Owners", "Toxicology Testing Called into Question", "Comparison of Alternatives Offered by Veterinary Schools", "Students Can Voice Their Choice in Massachusetts", "Ed commissioner pushes for dissection alternatives", "Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks: Policy on Dissection and Dissection Alternatives Activities", "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps", "Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories (Project R&R)", "A Review of Autopsy Reports on Chimpanzees in or from U.S. Laboratories", "Lessons from Chimpanzee-Based Research on Human Disease: The Implications of Genetic Differences", "An Assessment of the Use of Chimpanzees in Hepatitis C Research Past, Present and Future (Part 1): Validity of the Chimpanzee Model", "An Examination of Chimpanzee Use in Human Cancer Research", "An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research", "The Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act", "Petition Before the Fish and Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior", "U.S. Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. There is no good solution to this problem, which is outside the control of the end users of the animals. Additionally, a large number of scientists use genetic engineering (i.e., inserting, deleting, or otherwise altering the function of genes) or physical, chemical, and/or biological means to cause human conditions or symptoms in animals, creating models who may exhibit human diseases.

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