family dysfunction schizophrenia tutor2u

Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. For the classification system to be valid it should be meaningful and classify a real pattern of symptoms, which result from a real underlying cause. If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. [2 marks] Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. Therapists may use logical (does it make sense? One of the biggest criticisms of the dopamine hypothesis came when Farde et al found no difference between schizophrenics levels of dopamine compared with healthy individuals in 1990. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Evidence for this comes from that fact that amphetamines increase the amounts of dopamine . In addition, they can then predict the outcome of the disorder and suggest related treatment to help the patient. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. To teach patients and carers more effective stress management techniques. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). There is no such thing as a normal schizophrenic exhibiting the usual symptoms. This can lead to problems with reliability of diagnosis as one doctor might diagnose the person as having schizophrenia while another might diagnose bipolar disorder. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question, however, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. Family therapy for families of adolescents or young adults who have developed schizophrenia tends currently to emphasize psychoeducation (guidance about schizophrenia and its treatment) and aims at enhancing recovery rather than the discovery of pathogenic patterns of child-rearing (McFarlane 2016 ). It is not a cure. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. ', In a study of communication, researchers used a language rating scale to compare two groups of participants. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. 214 High Street, Therefore it appears that several neurotransmitters may be involved in the development of schizophrenia, meaning the dopamine hypothesis is too simplistic. Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine are safer, and they also may be better tolerated. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. Given that a much lower number of genes exist than anticipated, it is now recognised that genes have multiple functions and that many genes behavior. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. Book now . Ethical issues Antipsychotics have been used in hospitals to calm patients and make them easier for staff to work with rather than for the patients benefit Can lead to the abuse of the Human Rights Act (no one should be subject to degrading treatment). Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. During CBT, the therapist lets the patient develop their own alternatives to previous maladaptive beliefs, ideally by looking for alternative explanations and coping strategies that are already present in the patients mind. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. For example, major depression and schizophrenia both involve very low levels of motivation. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. CSE aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress. Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. [2 marks], Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks] and more. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). The severity of the side-effects is a weakness as patients will be reluctant to take them, or may even die as a result of the effect. Families taught to have weekly family meetings solving problems on family and individual goals, resolve conflict between members, and pinpoint stressors. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) In London the rate remained at 20%, suggesting neither group had a valid definition of schizophrenia. This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. It is not clear which comes first. a) Explain why a Mann-Whitney test is an appropriate choice of statistical test in this situation and a Spearman's test is not. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. Example Answers for Section C Schizophrenia Topic Paper 3 June 2018 (AQA) . Yellowless et al. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . The legality of this has been challenged, and the use of token economies has declined as a result. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. Researchers have focused on two factors which appear to be related to some of the experiences and behaviors of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The therapist wins the trust of the patient, so they can work together. 2. These machines take accurate readings of brain regions such as the frontal and pre-frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdale. Cochrane (1977) reported that the incidence of schizophrenia in the West Indies and the UK is 1 %, but that people of Afro-Caribbean origin are seven times more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic when living in the UK. Metaanalysis by Crossley Et Al (2010) suggested that Atypical antipsychotics are no more effective, but do have less side effects. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia 2. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. CBT does seem to reduce relapses and readmissions to hospital (NICE 2014). Avolition: Lack of volition (i.e. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. For men the figure was 59%. Describe the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia and explain how. In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions? This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. Family therapy is a form of therapy carried out with members of the family with the aim of improving their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family. Education and rapport training: therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the clients own coping strategies and develop new ones. Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of symptoms (particularly positive symptoms). The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. A final weakness of the dopamine hypothesis is that it is biologically deterministic. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. Typical antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of positive symptoms, blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain and thus reducing the action of dopamine. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. The reason for this is because the approach does not consider other factors such as genes. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. This raises practical and ethical issues when selecting different types of tretment. Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Assessment: The therapist encourages the patient to explain their concerns. Jakobsen et al. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . There are two components: 1. they said an event was real but it was in their head. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. Predictive validity. Essentially due to . It is difficult to keep this treatment going once the patients are back at home in the community. Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia For example, schizophrenia and depression are often found together. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). Helping the patient to find logical reasons for the things which trouble them This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for enlarged ventricles determining the likelihood of schizophrenia developing. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. McMonagle and Sultana (2000) reviewed token economy regimes over a 15-year period, finding that they did reduce negative symptoms, though it was unclear if behavioral changes were maintained beyond the treatment programme. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Supporting evidence for the brain structure explanation comes from further empirical support from Suddath et al. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . Sweets and cigarettes. Research by Miyakawa et al. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. Family Dysfunction refers to any forms of abnormal processes within a family such as conflict, communication problems, cold parenting, criticism, control and high levels of expressed emotions. A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. Just challenging the dysfunctional thoughts through disputing may not be enough to change them if the thoughts have a biological basis. Having attempted to dispute faulty beliefs, patients may also be set behavioural assignments with the aim of improving their general level of functioning. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. 3x sold. There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. Cognitive approaches examine how people think, how they process information. basis. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. This is not the case with schizophrenia: The causes may be one of biological or psychological or both. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. 2. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. Eg. They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? Aetiological validity for a diagnosis to be valid, all patients diagnosed as schizophrenic should have the same cause for their disorder. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. Patients went from performing 5 chores a day to around 40. Comorbidity is when the same person has two or more disorders at the same time. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. First, cognitive deficits which are impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention. As there is strong evidence that relapse is related to stress and expressed emotion within the family, it seems likely that CBT should be employed alongside family therapy in order to reduce the pressures on the individual patient. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. For example, Ripke et al. A. DSM) should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual. A hundred Danish patients with a history of psychosis were assessed using operational criteria, and a concordance rate of 98% was obtained. Tienari Et. However, those children from families schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a good family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! It is more likely The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. Lobban (2013) reports that other family members felt they were able to cope better thanks to family therapy. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. People with schizophrenia have abnormally large ventricles in the brain . Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. Schizophrenia Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change However, the newer antipsychotic drugs affect other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate as well as dopamine. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Company Reg no: 04489574. MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3.

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