what do clams look like in the ocean

Of course, it isn't quite like a human foot. The more commonly used varieties of clams in Japanese cooking are the Shijimi (Corbicula japonica), the Asari (Venerupis philippinarum) and the Hamaguri (Meretrix lusoria). [16] The butter clam, Saxidomus gigantea,[17] the Pacific razor clam, Siliqua patula,[18] gaper clams Tresus capax,[19] the geoduck clam, Panopea generosa[20] and the Pismo clam, Tivela stultorum[21] are all eaten as delicacies. Credit: Kauai Sea Farms. [25] These can be found for sale in open-air markets like Billingsgate Market in London; they have a similar taste to their North American cousin. Images courtesy of Geoduck Canada via Katie Lindsay. They are also known as black clams, mahogany clams, or black quahogs. In addition, they cook in half the time because of their thin shells. Clams are supplied with seawater containing natural plankton from a nearby estuary. [1] They live in both freshwater and marine environments; in salt water they prefer to burrow down into the mud and the turbidity of the water required varies with species and location; the greatest diversity of these is in North America. Their name is derived from a Lushootseed (language of theNisqually) word, part of which translates to "dig deep", which refers to howfar down you have to go to find them. Giant clams reproduce via external fertilization, where eggs and sperm are released into the water column at the same time. quahogs), soft shell clams (a.k.a. In culinary usage, clams are commonly eaten marine bivalves, as in clam digging and the resulting soup, clam chowder. If these chemicals were used in an open lake they would also affect fish and native mussels. Smooth pearls in the shape of orbs and ovals are usually created by bivalves, like mussels, in pearl farms. View disco clams (Ctenoides ales) displaying their flashes of lights, This article was most recently revised and updated by, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Clam Genome Sequence Clarifies the Molecular Basis of Its Benthic Adaptation and Extraordinary Shell Color Diversity, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Basic Bivalve Biology: Taxonomy, Anatomy and Life History, clam - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), clam - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Across the globe, it's also known asthe elephant-trunk clam, mud duck, and king clam. The large majority of a giant clams mass is in its shell, with the soft parts accounting for only approximately 10% of the weight. Sign up today to get weekly updates and action alerts from Oceana. VMS Positioning. [citation needed], In Kerala clams are used to make curries and fried with coconut. Clams can assimilate the toxins that causeshellfish poisoning from the algae on which they feed. 566 likes, 278 comments - Mike Biana (@mikebiana) on Instagram: "This is incredibly surreal for me to say, but today was my final day with the Miami @marlins. What Do Scallops Look Like? Many species, including the quahog, geoduck, and soft-shell clam, are edible. An array of fish and shellfish dishes. The soft-shell clam ( Mya arenaria ), also known as the longneck clam, or steamer, is a common ingredient of soups and chowders. Al Roker with Danielle Blacklock, Director of NOAA's Office of Aquaculture. In saltwater habitats, clams mostly eat phytoplankton. On the southwestern coast of India, also known as the Konkan region of Maharashtra, clams are used in curries and side dishes, like Tisaryachi Ekshipi, which is clams with one shell on. Clams provide net environmental benefits by removing excess nutrients and improving water quality. Unfortunately, this hunting has put the species at risk, and conservationists now consider it to be vulnerable to extinction. 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Yes, you read that right: a clam has a foot. They are found in intertidal and subtidal areas from Nova Scotia, Canada to Florida. The size of clams ranges from 0.1 mm (0.004 inch) in Condylocardia to 1.2 metres across in the giant clam (Tridacna gigas) of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Internet Explorer lacks support for the features of this website. Hard clams support extensive commercial aquaculture farming and recreational harvest activities, as well as a commercial wild-capture fishery. The eggs develop into larvae that swim briefly before settling permanently on the bottom. Once past the larval stage, clams do not need to be fed because they filter their food from the water column. Though dattero di mare (Lithophaga lithophaga) was once eaten, overfishing drove it to the verge of extinction (it takes 15 to 35 years to reach adult size and could only be harvested by smashing the calcarean rocks that form its habitat) and the Italian government has declared it an endangered species since 1998 and its harvest and sale are forbidden. Fishadelphia: Connecting Communities with Fresh Seafood, 2022 Atlantic Clam Survey Presses On for Leg 2, Overlooking the back deck of the E.S.S. Southeast, Stay informed of all the latest regional news around NOAA Fisheries, The NOAA Aquaculture Strategic Plan (20232028) includes goals and objectives to sustainably develop the aquaculture industry in the United States. Clams are an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids. Cultures around the world eat clams along with many other types of shellfish. ShopPress Center Employment OpportunitiesContactFinancialsPrivacy PolicyTerms of Use, United StatesEuropeChileCanadaBelizePhilippinesBrazilPeruMexico, A great way to get involved in protecting #oceans: Join Oceana as a Wavemaker & sound off on important issues! Unlike East Coast steamers, though, these are hard-shell clams, perhaps the smallest and sweetest you'll find on a table in the US. Geoducks (Panopea generosa),arent the easiest animals to harvest, found usually at a depth of 1meter into the ocean floor. You can age a geoduck in a similar way to aging a tree as their shells exhibit annual growth rings. steamers, the ones that look like tiny, little anatomically correct . In Canada, a bountiful harvest sits beneath the sands in the form of a long, wrinkly clam that burrows into the seafloor. Mahogany clams ( Arctica islandica) are also known as ocean quahogs, and they live in the North Atlantic, especially around Maine. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. But as it turns out, a foot is just one of the many bizarre features you'll find inside a clam. In the Malabar region it is known as "elambakka" and in middle kerala it is known as "kakka". They help to provide a source of food for other animals. . Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. So how on Earth do you preparea clam the size of your arm? Click here or below to download hands-on marine science activities for kids. For the best experience, please use a modern browser such as Chrome, Firefox, or Edge. Northern quahog clams harvested in Greenwich, Connecticut. The Palourde clam by far is the most common native clam and it is both commercially harvested as well as locally collected, and Spisula solida, a relative of the Atlantic surf clam on the other side of the Atlantic, is seeing increased interest as a food source and aquaculture candidate; it is mainly found in the British Isles in Europe. Scallops are one of a group of mollusks known as bivalves. Up and down the coast of the Eastern U.S., the bamboo clam, Ensis directus, is prized by Americans for making clam strips, although because of its nature of burrowing into the sand very close to the beach, it cannot be harvested by mechanical means without damaging the beaches. Beary Muslim households in the Mangalore region prepare a main dish with clams called Kowldo Pinde. Like most corals, some anemones, and other reef organisms, giant clams utilize a combination of methods to obtain food. Most species of octopus have clams as a staple of their diet, up to and including the giants like the Giant Pacific octopus. Oysters (Ostra) As in the U.S. and other countries, oysters are consumed raw in Spain. In culinary use, within the eastern coast of the United States and large swathes of the Maritimes of Canada, the term "clam" most often refers to the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Ocean quahogs ( Arctica islandica) are distinct from the common hard-shell clams often called quahogs on the East Coast. A lengthy process for one geoduck, but the harvesting method is favored because unlike trawling theres no by-catch involved. The, Native to the coastal waters of western Canada and the northwest United States, geoducks sit within a family of saltwater clams called the Hiatellidae. On the West Coast, they are an ingredient in making cioppino and local variants of ceviche[22], Clams are eaten more in the coastal regions of India, especially in the Konkan, Kerala, Bengal and coastal regions of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu regions. To collect them, solo divers must search for a geoduck show on the seafloor, which is when the geoduck pokes just the tip of its siphon out of the sand. They can also be made into hot pot, miso soup or tsukudani. To remove the sand before cooking, cover the clams with a saltwater solution of 1/3 cup salt to 1 gallon of water. It is 15 to 20 cm in length, has a white, oblong shell, and may weigh as much as 3.6 kg (8 pounds). They produce both eggs and sperm. The shell is thick, grey to white in color, and has outer concentric growth rings. It occurs in the intertidal zone from Chesapeake Bay to the West Indies. Staple favourites of the British public and local scavengers include the razorfish, Ensis siliqua, a slightly smaller cousin of the bamboo clam of eastern North America. Cephalopods, Crustaceans & Other Shellfish, Tropical latitudes of the east Indian and west Pacific oceans, Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and relatives), Family Cardiidae (cockles). Each female can produce between 1 and 5 million eggs during a spawning event. I don't know enough about clams but they might move a bit, or grow or whatever. Another reason a clam might naturally open its shell is to stick out its foot and dig into the ground. [15] The bamboo clam is also notorious for having a very sharp edge of its shell, and when harvested by hand must be handled with great care. The rocky terrain and pebbly shores of the seacoast that surrounds the entire island provide ample habitat for shellfish, and clams are most definitely included in that description. Clams also eat zooplankton, which are tiny animals that live in the ocean. M. campechiensis, the southern quahog, is about 7.5 to 15 cm long and has a heavy, white, plump shell. The more commonly used varieties of clams in Japanese cooking are the Shijimi ( Corbicula japonica ), the Asari ( Venerupis philippinarum) and the Hamaguri ( Meretrix lusoria ). Clams are grown in upweller systems until they reach 2 to 5 mm and can then be grown in raceways, mesh bags in the field, or upwellers until they reach 8 to 5 mm. Clams are part of the shellfish family. Ocean acidification and its impacts on shellfish are being investigated by NOAA and other labs. The oddity here is that for a nation whose fortunes have been tied to the sea for hundreds of years, 70% of the seafood cultivated for aquaculture or commercial harvesting is exported to the Continent. The net has to be replaced every so often when it becomes too clogged with algae. [26] Cockles, specifically the common cockle, are a staple find on beaches in western Wales and farther north in the Dee Estuary. [7] Extant mammals that eat clams would include both the Pacific and Atlantic species of walrus, all known subspecies of harbour seals in both the Atlantic and Pacific, most species of sea lions, including the California sea lion, bearded seals and even species of river otters that will consume the freshwater species found in Asia and North America. Clams are considered Halal in Islam, but treif (non-kosher) in Judaism. Updates? Information on shellfish aquaculture permitting can be found in the, All fisheries and aquaculture farms in federal waters must adhere to federal regulations including those in the. Though the soft body only accounts for about 10% of the body weight of giant clams, it is nearly pure, healthy protein, and this species has been hunted for at least several centuries. The dingy white shell, which is thick and rounded and has prominent concentric lines, is found in the intertidal zone from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; it is the most important food clam of the Atlantic coast. The geoduck, pronounced "goo-ey duck", is perhaps one of nature's most lewd creations (though arguably the penis fish still takes the crown) and is a giant among shellfish. In Japan, clams are often an ingredient of mixed seafood dishes. clam, in general, any member of the invertebrate class Bivalviamollusks with a bivalved shell (i.e., one with two separate sections). These single-celled organisms provide energy for many marine creatures, including clams. Adults are sessilethey stay in one placeand inhabit both intertidal and subtidal areas. Many have a siphon.[1]. Clams are grown in tidal areas. State and federal regulations require monitoring of farmed clams to ensure they are safe to eat. But watch out: Unlike their other bivalve buddies, scallops can swim across the ocean floor quite quickly! Sailors for the Sea developed the KELP (Kids Environmental Lesson Plans) program to create the next generation of ocean stewards. Hence, it's the texture where the biggest differences lie and make for easy identification. For more information on clam species and groups, see ark shell; coquina clam; gaper clam; geoduck; razor clam. Clams have slow growth rates and can live 12 to 20 years on average and up to 40 years. In return, the algae have a safe place to live and receive the nutrients necessary to photosynthesize. Cover the pan then cook in high heat until the shells . These spats are seeded in the ocean floor and then covered with a net to protect the clams from predators like crabs. by clapping their shells together. However, giant clams are cemented to the reef surface, so they are only able to reproduce with other individuals that are close by. In exchange, they offer the algae a safe home and . The donax clam (Donax), also known as the coquina clam, is also commonly eaten in broth or chowder. Common clams not ordinarily eaten include long siphon clams (Sanguinolariidae), wedge clams (Mesodesmatidae), basket clams (Corbulidae), slender clams (Pandoridae), perforated clams (Thraciidae), and boring clams (see piddock). Clams are unique because they have bodily organs. Clams are planted in plots or placed in trays, pens, or bags secured to the bottom of intertidal or subtidal areas. These bivalve mollusks are filter feeders and they are a much-loved species in British Columbia (BC), Canada, where locals credit the phallic animals for gifting their shores with clean coastal waters. [13] Historically, they were caught on a small scale on the Outer Banks, barrier islands off North Carolina, and put in soups, steamed or pickled.[14]. Recent large-scale aquaculture operations have reduced the pressure on wild populations while allowing for continued human use of this vital protein source (particularly on remote islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans). [27], In Italy, clams are often an ingredient of mixed seafood dishes or are eaten together with pasta. Oceana joined forces with Sailors for the Sea, an ocean conservation organization dedicated to educating and engaging the worlds boating community. Taste/texture: Similarities in taste between clams and oysters are greatest if they are both saltwater or freshwater species. I've seen fresh clams out produce salted clams by a wide margin. Like most corals, some anemones, and other reef organisms, giant clams utilize a combination of methods to obtain food. The northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria), also known as the cherrystone clam, littleneck clam, or hard-shell clam, and the southern quahog (M. campechiensis) belong to the family of venus clams (Veneridae). Hard shell clams (a.k.a. It may grow to 7 inches long and change color as it ages, making it a truly authentic sea delicacy. The siphon of the geoduck (meat outside of the shell) can be blanched inboiling water for 30 seconds and then dipped in ice water. Credit: NOAA Fisheries, For the First Time, Scientists Can Predict Traits for All Fish Worldwide. The largest known specimen of giant clam was over four and a half feet (1.3 m) wide and weighed approximately 550 pounds (250 kg). Descending in a corkscrew spiral pattern, each slumbering seal looked "like a falling leaf," study coauthor Williams said. And, in fact, it lives only a year or two. The quahog (pronounced co-hog) clam grows two large shells that it holds together with a strong muscle. They are also a source of revenue in the region, as each year 1,370 metric tonnes (3.03 million pounds) of geoducks are harvested for sale worldwide, with the largest markets existing in China and Hong Kong. They were even once the stars of their own documentary, 3-Feet Under: Digging Deep for the Geoduck, the trailer for which you can view above. Subscribe today for ourWeekly Newsletterin your inbox! "Geoducks look likethey might be challenging to prepare, but they are relatively simple," said Katie Lindsay from Geoducks Canada. In addition, a few species of clams do not feed in the normal sense; they gain their nutrition from sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that live symbiotically in the gill tissue. Found in all seas, it buries itself in the mud to depths from 10 to 30 cm. Clam curry made with coconut is a dish from Malabar especially in the Thalassery region. Phytoplankton is microscopic plants that float in the ocean's waters. [citation needed], In Japan, clams are often an ingredient of mixed seafood dishes. Their shells . Credit: NOAA Aquaculture Program, NOAA Announces 5-Year Strategic Plan for Aquaculture, In Hawaiis historic Nomilo Loko Ia, or Nomilo Fishpond, family-owned Kauai Sea Farms specializes in growing clams, sea cucumbers, and edible seaweed. Like oysters, mussels, and scallops they are bivalve mollusks, and have a hinged shell. The strong tides in coastal bays and estuaries are perfect. Geoducks are harder to catch than you might think. Found in all seas, it buries itself in the mud to depths from 10 to 30 cm. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [8] Birds of all kinds will also eat clams if they can catch them in the littoral zone: roseate spoonbills of North and South America,[9] the Eurasian oystercatcher, whooping crane[10] and common crane, the American flamingo of Florida and the Caribbean Sea,[11] and the common sandpiper are just a handful of the numerous birds that feast on clams all over the world. Collectively, they are a bag of geoducks. They can also be made into hot pot, miso soup or tsukudani. Most clams inhabit shallow waters, in which they are generally protected from wave action by the surrounding bottom. Omissions? Adding 1/4 to 1/2 cup of cornmeal helps expel the dark matter and sand from the clams' stomachs and can also whiten the meat. Ove." Yes, percebes are barnacles! A clam is a bivalve invertebrate that lives on the floor of the ocean and covers itself with sand or mud. Set this aside. Cephalopods, crustaceans and other shellfish play important roles in maintaining healthy ocean systems. "Geoducks can be prepared in various ways, but themost common way is served raw in thin slices. Adult hard clams are just less than 3 inches but can reach up to 5 inches. Local ocean waters host a variety of edible shellfish including bay scallops, clams, oysters, and steamers. The inside of the shell is white with violet markings. by OTW Staff March 10, 2021 The Atlantic and Pacific oceans offer many species of shellfish that can be classified as delicacies, including bay scallops, clams, oysters, and steamers. [citation needed]. They have two equally sized halves of their shells joined at the hinge by adductor muscles. As a long-living animal, with a maximum age reaching above 150 years, though one on record was said to be 168, they are vulnerable to overfishing and as such sanctions limit geoduck harvest to just 2 percent of the population in BC each year. The Northern quahog (pronounced coe-hog) is a species of hard-shelled clam. It is used to prepare many dishes like marvai sukka, marvai gassi, and marvai pundi. | RSS, In Canada, a bountiful harvest sits beneath the sands in the form of a long, wrinkly clam that burrows into the seafloor. They can also be made into clam chowder, clams casino, clam cakes, or stuffies, or they can be cooked using hot rocks and seaweed in a New England clam bake. Pursuit, underway on a calm morning. Same thing bottom fishing, salted stays on the hook better, fresh gets you more bites. Find out how plasticaffects Giant clams >. Corrections? Two days later, shelled larvae emerge from the eggs andwill swim for a few weeks before assuming its position on the seafloor. Chowder clam, New England/Mid-Atlantic, Clams have a digestive system, a heart, and a circulatory system. They look like gooseneck clams and Spaniards love to eat them. They're usually boiled for 5 minutes in salted water and served hot. Clams have a powerful burrowing foot. . Oyster shells are rough and bumpy with wavy lines. A clam's shell consists of two (usually equal) valves, which are connected by a hinge joint and a ligament that can be internal or external. Ingestion of undercooked or raw shellfish with Vp or Vv can lead to gastrointestinal illness. The Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa), found on the coast from Alaska to Baja California, burrows 60 to 90 cm into the mud of tidal flats. In a sauce pan add the melted butter and garlic, place in low heat then cook until garlic turns golden brown and aromatic. Scallops are also used for food nationwide, but not cockles: they are more difficult to get than in Europe because of their habit of being farther out in the tide than European species on the West Coast, and on the East Coast they are often found in salt marshes and mudflats where mosquitoes are abundant. The majority of their energy is derived from symbiotic algae living within their cells, providing the clams with excess energy that they make via photosynthesis (the use of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into food/energy). Clams burrow into the sediment, leaving only their siphons exposed to feed. They can be grown directly on the beach bottom or in mesh bags, trays, or pens that are secured to the bottom. The bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) and Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) occur naturally in the environment and can cause foodborne illness from consuming raw shellfish. [citation needed]. Saya . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Grasshopper, Grasshoppers are plant-eating insects characterized by long hind legs designed for locomotion by jumping. The geoduck, pronounced goo-ey duck, is perhaps one of natures most lewd creations (though arguably the penis fish still takes the crown) and is a giant among shellfish. In Udupi and Mangalore regions it is called "marvai" in the local Tulu language. A hall sensor outputs a current depending on the surrounding mgnetic field. Shellfish poisoning is an illness that can occur from eating contaminated shellfish. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one has been aged to over 500 years old. The shell is dirty white, oval, and 7.5 to 15 cm long. Al Roker Showcases Aquaculture as a Climate Solution, The scientists are using a satellite tag on the yellowfin tuna to understand the species dynamics, abundance, distribution, movement patterns, and habitat use. On intake pipes, chemicals can be used that will kill the larva. The quahog can open its shells to look for food and close the shells completely if it is feeling threatened. Mix once in a while so that garlic won't stick at the bottom. The beautiful, bright colors characteristic of individual giant clams are actually a result of the symbiotic algae. [2], Clams in the culinary sense do not live attached to a substrate (whereas oysters and mussels do) and do not live near the bottom (whereas scallops do). Rachael is a writer and digital content producer at IFLScience with a Zoology degree from the University of Southampton, UK, and a nose for novelty animal stories. Also known by its Japanese name, asari, this is what many on the West Coast know as a steamer clam, and is one of the most widely cultivated clams in the world. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Their name is derived from a Lushootseed (language of the. While Manila clams are considered a hard shell variety, they have thinner shells than a quahog. View disco clams (Ctenoides ales) displaying their flashes of lights Some hatchery raised clams have dark, zigzag stripes across the shell known as notata. Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The federal agencies involved are NOAA, the Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Scallops also have bright blue eyes. Here, they dig in using a tiny foot and begin their juvenile lives as the worlds largest burrowing clam. All surfclam and/or ocean quahog ITQ vessels (SF-1 and OQ-6 permits) must have a Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) that is transmitting positions at all times unless on an approved power down exemption. Primarily Virginia, Washington, Florida, Connecticut, and New Jersey. ", "Ming the Clam, World's Oldest Animal, Was Actually 507 Years Old", "Atlantic Giant Cockle (Dinocardium robustum)", "Tsawwassen First Nation History and Timeline", "Plenty of clams, oysters in Puget Sound and Hood Canal", "All About Geoduck: The Life of a (Delicious) Oversized Mollusk", "Digging for Pismo clams at San Diego Beaches", "Trade insights: More than 70% of UK seafood exports go to EU", "Mesolithic middens and molluscan ecology: A view from southern Britain", "Razor Clams on display in Billingsgate Fish Market, London", "New species in aquaculture: Are the striped venus clam, "Deep In The Ocean A Clam That Acts Like A Plant", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clam&oldid=1152412624, This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 02:41. That's right, clams have a foot. The accidentally introduced hard-shell quahog is also found in British waters, mainly those near England, and does see some use in British cuisine. Some well-known bivalves include clams, scall Crustaceans, The crustaceans are a group of animals that belong to . It may also refer to a few other common edible species, such as the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, and the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica. They are hard-shell clams that are distinct from northern and southern quahogs; they have round, dark brown or black shells and live deeper in the ocean than hard clams. In a large pan place your razor clams. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In shallow waters, the elephant seals even reached the seafloor . Clams are grown until they reach harvest size of 50 mm. How Much Is A Clam Worth To A Coastal Community? Early warning systems exist to detect harmful algal blooms that produce toxins. [6] The ligament provides tension to bring the valves apart, while one or two adductor muscles can contract to close the valves. Most likely, it doesn't close any loop. Clams typically draw in and expel water for respiration and feeding through two tubes, the siphons, or neck. The water is impelled by the beating of millions of cilia (hairlike structures) on the gills; other gill cilia strain food from the incurrent water and transport it, entangled in mucus, to the mouth. Clams live in the water near the edge of the ocean and spend most of their time buried in the sand. For sashimi-style geoduck, remove the geoduck shell and body meat (any meat inside the shell). Clam farming has a benign ecological footprint, with little disturbance of sediments or aquatic vegetation during grow-out. Hard clams prefer saline water and cannot survive if the salt content is too low. Clams are shellfish that make up an important part of the web of life that keeps the seas functioning, both as filter feeders and as a food source for many different animals. Scallops have anywhere up to 200 eyes that line their mantle. True clams, in the strict sense, are bivalves with equal shells closed by two adductor muscles situated at opposite ends of the shell, and with a powerful, muscular, burrowing foot. Yes, such clams exist: The bay scallop lives in warm, shallow water. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and the Coast Guard.

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