what did southern apologists believe about slavery quizletwhy is graham wardle leaving heartland
Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. they founded the American Antislavery Society, along with Wendell Phililps, he ran an abolitionist newspaper in (free) Illinois but was murdered in 1837 after a Missouri pro-slavery group broke into his house and destroyed his equipment, southern abolitionists who grew up on a plantation but thought the idea was wrong; their speeches were successful because of the experience, he was influenced by Charles Grandison Finney and appealed to rural farmers; with help from Arthur and Lewis Tappan, he went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati in 1832; he was expelled for organizing a debate on slavery in 1834 but proceeded to preach antislavery with other Lane Rebels; in 1839, he compiled the propaganda pamphlet American Slavery as It Is, headmaster of the Lane Theological Seminary in the early 1830s, he published the antislavery newspaper The Liberator in Boston beginning in 1831 and proposed ideas as to how to end slavery immediately; on July 4, 1854, he burned a copy of the Constitution. How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s? https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists Tobacco A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the. Founder of Texas. Curiously, while most of them do note that the Bible sanctions slavery, they fail to give definitive proof in the way of specific passages. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. when did white southern abolitionism begin to fade? In 1874, for instance, the Southern Methodists General Convention reaffirmed their attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, historian Elizabeth L. Jemison writes in her exploration of proslavery Christianity after Emancipation. JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. The Methodist Church, which had been founded in part on antislavery principles, followed suit in 1844 with the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Boles 1994, pp. . Harriet Tubman: Tubman was a fugitive enslaved person. New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911. "(Wilson 1980, p. 40). The Irony of Southern Religion. Why did southern states secede over slavery? Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because it, The invention that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the, The typical way for most slaves to express discontent was. He says slavery was a patriarchal institution So were polygamy & circumcision. More important, from the point of view of the congregants, both black and white, is the message sent from Southern pulpits that protection was the watchword. Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations? How many times is slavery mentioned in the constitution? yes, they dreamed of becoming rich and owning slaves, and their pride in their race would be diluted if the slaves were freed, independent small farmers in the Appalachians who owned no slaves and supported the Union. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 18651920. In what way did the Confederate Constitution differ from the United States Constitution quizlet? If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? The master occupies towards him the place of parent or guardian. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? American abolitionism laboured under the handicap that it threatened the harmony of North and South in the Union, and it also ran counter to the U.S. Constitution, which left the question of slavery to the individual states. Reacting to abolitionist attacks that branded its peculiar institution as brutal and immoral, the South intensified its system of slave control, particularly after the Nat Turner revolt of 1831. Because they were welcomed into the churches, they felt a sense of belonging that they felt in almost no other sphere of their existence. Why did most slaves typically prefer living and working on a plantation rather than a small farm? The Confederate constitution explicitly guaranteed slave property in both the states and in any newly acquired territory. Families stayed intact and both parents typically shared in the child-rearing duties. being unable to own or operate small businesses. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europelook at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, andcompare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. The principle that a slave was property to be bought and sold. The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because. . On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. he continues. He had been John Adger's successor in the Second Presbyterian Church of Charleston for several years. It was limited in circulation but was still the focus of intense public debate. This was because slavery was defined as akin to a marriage: the power of slave owners over slaves paralleled the power of husbands over wives and of parents over children., The father/master was supposed to be a benevolent and paternalistic overseer of all family (and property) members. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. no, and many slaves were forbidden to testify in court, the area comprised of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana in which most slaves lived by 1860, no, and many states outlawed teaching them to read; at the beginning of the Civil War, 90% of slaves were illiterate, they could be hired out/rented for money; they would keep some of the money as encouragement and some used it to buy their freedom, in 1800, he led an armed uprising in Richmond, VA, but it was foiled by informers and the leaders hanged, he led a rebellion in Charleston in 1822, but informers foiled it and the leaders hanged; at a designated time, all Charleston slaves were supposed to kill their masters; it was widely publicized to show white dominance, he led an uprising in 1831 that killed 60 Virginians; he persuaded some slaves to obtain weapons and kill white people, but he was caught and tortured; it was kept secret to prevent other slaves from doing the same, but the story spread. JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. White southerners responded by putting forth arguments in defense of slavery, their way of life, and their honor. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. I've since worked with schools and districts all over the country, helping them improve their curriculums and instruction methods. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. promin, Slavery ITHAKA. Slave traders would march them South to sell them to buyers. And the states never delegated to the federal government any power to suppress secession. Which description best identifies how Christian slaveholders justified the enslavement of other human beings? In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. Abolition did poorly at the polls. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. See also slavery. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The Southern clergy who accommodated slavery did so for two main reasons. John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a gooda positive good. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." This is important because it shows that slaves were always considered property and could not escape to the North. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, was. Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. Maintaining slavery, many Southerners believed, was doing the slaves a favor. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), embodying the principle of popular sovereignty, opened Kansas and Nebraska to slaveryland that had long been reserved for the westward expansion of the free statesNortherners began to organize themselves into an antislavery political party, called in some states the Anti-Nebraska Democratic Party and in others the Peoples Party but in most places the Republican Party. this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-3-wealth-and-culture-in-the-south, https://cnx.org/contents/NgBFhmUc@14.3:iQkwpaR_@8/6-25-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-John-C-Calhoun-Slavery-as-a-Positive-Good-1837#fs-idm205300544. . . Economists and business leaders did this by pointing out that the agricultural South needed the labor provided by slaves. Having slavery gave poor white farmers a feeling of social superiority over blacks. How did the Confederate States of Americas constitution differ from the Constitution of the United States of America? According to Christian the Virginia people were the abolitionists & the Northern people were pro-slavery. Home University Of South Dakota What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? Baptist and Methodist churches had opposed slaveholding members in the early years of the Republic. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. Aaron Sheehan-Dean is the Fred C. Frey Professor of Southern Studies at Louisiana State University. Such preachers as Charles Colcock Jones (18041863) of Liberty County, Georgia, traveled from plantation house to plantation house to preach to the slave populations there. The Virginian George Fitzhugh contributed to the defense of slavery with his book Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (1854). How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery. As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. an organization founded in 1817 to move blacks to Africa, it was a nation founded in 1822 on the West African coast as a haven for former slaves; 15,000 blacks moved there over 40 years. . They argued that the Industrial Revolution had brought about a new type of slaverywage slaveryand that this form of slavery was far worse than the slave labor used on southern plantations. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel, Opposition to slavery in British North America began in the late seventeenth century but was limited mostly to a minority of Quakers and a few Purita, Woolman, John The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of southern states was. Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. Once again, the status of slavery in the territories became a hot issue. The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). Abolitionism, meanwhile, was in itself a heterogeneous movement. The abolitionist movement emerged in states like New York and Massachusetts. . In African American families in which husband and wife were often separated, who was typically considered the head of the family? moving blacks back to africa/repatriation. Fitzhughs ideas exemplified southern notions of paternalism. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1911. Figure 1. You cannot download interactives. In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Slaves were told that their masters would protect them, giving them a safe home and access to their own church communities. did many blacks want to move back to Africa? They argued that inequality in society was inevitable. in 1861. . It came under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, a Boston journalist and social reformer. Edited by Giles Gunn, SOUTH, THE It has kept pace with its brethren in other sections of the Union where slavery does not exist. At the time of the Civil War, there were approximately ________ slaves in the South. . What were the main ideas of the Confederate Constitution? Thanks for reading! The popularity of tanning rose in the early twentieth century, when bronzed skin signaled a life of leisure, not labor. The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of, The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of, large numbers of surplus slaves were sold from the upper South to the lower South. The journeys of Yancey and Slidell show how hard it is to divide the United States simply into North and South, slave and free. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Slave owners believed they helped enslaved people by providing food, shelter, and clothing while relieving them of responsibility. Form of Protestantism that was devised by Christian slaves in the Chesapeake and spread to the cotton South as a result of the domestic shave trade. The Confederate Constitution was adopted by the Confederacy in opposition to the Union and the United States Constitution. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. Calhouns idea of the concurrent majority found full expression in his 1850 essay Disquisition on Government. In this treatise, he wrote about government as a necessary means to ensure the preservation of society, since society existed to preserve and protect our race. If government grew hostile to society, then a concurrent majority had to take action, including forming a new government. Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. Large groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer. What are the 3 main causes of the Civil War? The seceding states made their motives clear in many ways. The first was their loyalty to the South and to the Southern way of life. In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country. Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1856. Southern states believed that a Republican government would dissolve the institution of slavery, would not honor states rights, and promote tariff laws. "The Slavery Apologists Members of this group fully supported slavery. After several years of teaching, I transitioned into the world of educational consulting. The practice took hold in the English colonies in North America, too. what did white southern apologists believe? But a number of factors combined to give the movement increased momentum, particularly as abolitionisms cause became caught up in the undercurrents of sectionalism. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. He is but a grown up child and must be governed as a child . After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. In which way did the richest plantation families resemble a traditional landed aristocracy? C. They felt free Black people were treated worse than the enslaved people in the South. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. 27 Apr. 910). All rights reserved. Washington, D.C. Southerners believed that their way of life was the natural, moral order, while the Northern way of lifefaster-paced, more industrialized, more cosmopolitanwas an unnatural and in fact immoral way to exist (Farmer 1999, pp. slavery actually reduced their standard of living. From the early 1830s until the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison was the abolitionists' most dedicated campaigner. ." what happened to those who smuggled in African slaves? Origins of the abolition movement Opposition to slavery started as a moral and religious movement centered on the belief that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. . . The Declaration of Independence had originally been referring to Great Britain's rule on the colonies in 1776. 1011). If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They believed that slavery was a good thing and it provided some sort of elegant lifestyle for white elites. concurrent majority:a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority, polygenism:the idea that Black people and White people come from different origins. how did other states react to Virginia's 1831 and 1832 policies? Leader of the army that wiped out the Texans who were defending the Alamo. The Presbyterian Church divided itself into two factionsthe "Old School" (which did not condemn slavery) in the South and the "New School" (staunchly antislavery) in the North. . In the meantime, the White or European race, has not degenerated. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. In making their defense of slavery, they critiqued wage labor in the North. During the war, Confederate soldiers were optimistic about the prospects for the survival of the Confederacy and the institution of slavery well into 1864. . Sold tons of land to newcomers. Defenders of the institution also lashed out directly at abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison for daring to call into question their way of life. In what ways does Calhoun use legal arguments to defend the idea that Congress cannot interfere in the institution of slavery? The economic argument, however, failed to address the exploitative nature of slavery. It cannot be subverted without drenching the country in blood . This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. . The war began because a compromise did not exist that could solve the difference between the free and slave states regarding the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in territories that had not yet become states. Southern Presbyterian Leaders. It is odious to make comparison; but I appeal to all sides whether the South is not equal in virtue, intelligence, patriotism, courage, disinterestedness, and all the high qualities which adorn our nature. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. The term Lost Cause was first used by Edward A . There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. After all, the New Testaments injunctions for slaves to obey their masters appeared alongside instructions for wives to obey their husbands., This hierarchy placed white men (including ministers) at the top, because slaves (and white women and children) were incapable of ordering themselves. The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. Before, during, and after the United States Revolutionary War, several of the original 13 British colonies abolished slavery. Southerners, to justify the loss of some 260 thousand men, had to try to understand, from their perspective, why God slept while they fought. False The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent AND GUARANTEED slavery in Confederate territory. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. That it is inconsistent with a perfect statethat it is not absolutely a good, a blessingthe most strenuous defender of slavery ought not to permit himself to deny" (White 1911, p. 298). (Palmer 1860, p. 8). He would become an insufferable burden to society. The Antebellum South White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. He published Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society in 1854, in which he laid out what he believed to be the benefits of slavery to both the enslaved persons and society as a whole. Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (Mit), Missouri University Of Science And Technology, State University Of New York Health Science Center At Brooklyn, Suny College Of Environmental Science And Forestry, The University Of North Carolina At Charlotte, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, The University Of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University Of Texas Medical Branch At Galveston, The University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Uniformed Services University Of The Health Sciences, University At Buffalo Suny School Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, University Of California, Los Angeles (Ucla), University Of Illinois At Urbana Champaign, University Of Maryland Baltimore County (Umbc), University Of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, University Of Tennessee Health Science Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech of 1858 only. showed how a defenseless animal could overcome a stronger one through cunning and deceit, a metaphor for survival as a slave. Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. Biblical Reasons. But they refused to see this defeat as a divine judgment on their beliefs and actions. 1830s. were located primarily in the backcountry. . The defrocking ceremony was meant to humiliate a disgraced member of the clergy while discouraging laypeople from viewing him as a martyr. Enslavers, he argued, took care of the ignorantin Fitzhughs argument, the enslaved persons of the South. In the New England states, many Americans viewed slavery as a shameful legacy with no place in modern society. when was the last official count of slaves? Our negroes are not only better off as to physical comfort than free laborers, but their moral condition is better. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. According to Fitzhugh: [I]t is clear the Athenian democracy would not suit a negro nation, nor will the government of mere law suffice for the individual negro. Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. . How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. //]]>. Encyclopedia.com. Actually, it was not. His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious. Sig= used by Texans as a rallying point. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. Agassiz helped to popularize polygenism, the idea that different human races came from separate origins. Southerners referred to the founding doctrine of the U.S., the Declaration of Independence. These denominations rapid expansion in the South, however, meant abandoning this position in recognition that upwardly mobile members increasingly included slaveholders. Justification for slavery came with this growth and found its parallels in the biblical subordination of women. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Wrote an autobiography "incidents in the life of a slave girl". I've worked with students of all ages and backgrounds, and I love helping them unlock their full potential. Five years later the war ended and the ratification of the 13th Amendment formally ended slavery in December 1865. What was one goal of the American Colonization Society? . He and his supporters were known, after all, as "black Republicans," a term purposefully designed to conjure an image of radical abolitionism. On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. In the late 1850s, she assisted Brown in his planning for the disastrous raid on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." Fitzhugh argued that laissez-faire capitalism, as celebrated by Adam Smith, benefited only the quick-witted and intelligent, leaving the ignorant at a huge disadvantage.