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[121] Cienfuegos and Guevara led their columns into Havana on 2 January, while Castro entered Santiago and gave a speech invoking the wars of independence. Fidel Castro Achievements. "[363], On 19 April 2011, Castro resigned from the Communist Party central committee,[364] thus stepping down as First Secretary. Large throngs of supporters gathered to cheer at Castro's fiery speeches, which typically lasted for hours (even outdoors in inclement weather) and without the use of written notes. [426] Officially, the Cuban government did maintain a cult of personality, but unlike other Soviet-era leaders and his allies, it was less widespread and took on a more subtle and discreet form. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (/kstro/;[1] American Spanish:[fiel alexando kasto rus]; 13 August 1926 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. In his adult years, Fidel Castro married two different women and had multiple children by them. Ral has been consistently dogged by rumors that Angel Castro was not his real father. Photo: Office of Historical Affairs He handed over provisional power in July 2006 because of health problems and formally relinquished the presidency in February 2008. "[498] Censorship of information was extensive,[499][500] and independent journalism was repressed. Castro supported Allende's socialist reforms, but warned him of right-wing elements in Chile's military. [191], Consolidating "Socialist Cuba", Castro united the MR-26-7, PSP and Revolutionary Directorate into a governing party based on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism: the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (Organizaciones Revolucionarias Integradas ORI), renamed the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) in 1962. In response to the siege of Cuito Cuanavale in 19871988 by South AfricanUNITA forces, Castro sent an additional 12,000 Cuban Army troops to Angola in late 1987. [491] The Daily Telegraph noted that around the world he was "either praised as a brave champion of the people, or derided as a power-mad dictator. [323] Economic hardship led many Cubans toward religion, both in the form of Roman Catholicism and Santera. "[522] The European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said that Castro "was a hero for many. In 1962 the Soviet Union secretly stationed ballistic missiles in Cuba that could deliver nuclear warheads to American cities, and in the ensuing confrontation with the United States, the world came close to a nuclear war. "Biographers and historians on both poles have treated his life like prosecutors scouring his . Corrections? Various NAM members were critical of Castro's attendance, claiming that Cuba was aligned to the Warsaw Pact and therefore should not be at the conference. [369], In December 2014, Castro was awarded the Chinese Confucius Peace Prize for seeking peaceful solutions to his nation's conflict with the US and for his post-retirement efforts to prevent nuclear war. [146] Judges and politicians had their pay reduced while low-level civil servants saw theirs raised,[147] and in March 1959, Castro declared rents for those who paid less than $100 a month halved. Castro's response to his critics regarding the mass executions, 1959[129], In suppressing the revolution, Batista's government had killed thousands of Cubans; Castro and influential sectors of the press put the death toll at 20,000, but a list of victims published shortly after the revolution contained only 898 namesover half of them combatants. Castro's security consisted of three concentric anillos or rings. However, the Granma's journey ultimately lasted seven days, and with Castro and his men unable to provide reinforcements, Pas and his militants dispersed after two days of intermittent attacks. [395] He drew inspiration from the wider Latin American anti-imperialist movements of the 1930s and 1940s, including Argentina's Pern and Guatemala's Jacobo rbenz. Cuba asserted that this was a manifestation of US hegemony, and refused to allow an investigative delegation to enter the country. However, he refused to do so and began to carry a gun and surround himself with armed friends. Alex Castro Del Valle, born in 1963. On 23 July, Castro resumed his premiership and appointed Marxist Osvaldo Dortics as president. [266], After forcing back the Somalis, Mengistu then ordered the Ethiopians to suppress the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, a measure Castro refused to support. [502] The Castro government relied heavily on its appeals to nationalistic sentiment, in particular the widespread hostility to the US government. After his graduation in 1950, Castro began to practice law and became a member of the reformist Cuban Peoples Party (called Ortodoxos). [200] By 1962, Cuba's economy was in steep decline, a result of poor economic management and low productivity coupled with the US trade embargo. [521] Balfour stated that Castro's story had "few parallels in contemporary history", for there existed no other "Third World leader" in the second half of the twentieth century who held "such a prominent and restless part on the international stage" or remained head of state for such a long period. Cuban soldiers died in the conflict, with Castro denouncing the invasion and comparing the US to Nazi Germany. Sturgis purchased boatloads of weapons and ammunition from Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) weapons expert Samuel Cummings' International Armament Corporation in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1978 Cuban troops assisted Ethiopia in repelling an invasion by Somalia. He also had two homes in Matanzas, one in Ciego de Avila, a horse ranch Hacienda San Cayetano in Camaguey along with another house in a vacation compound for the Politburo nearby, Casa Guardalavaca in Holguin, and two residences in Santiago de Cuba (One of which is shared with Ramiro Valdes). [156] Major emphasis was placed on education, and during the first 30 months of Castro's government, more classrooms were opened than in the previous 30 years. [240] Despite the economic issues, many of Castro's social reforms were popular, with the population largely supportive of the "Achievements of the Revolution" in education, medical care, housing, and road construction, as well as the policies of "direct democratic" public consultation. [252], Cuba's economy grew in 1974 as a result of high international sugar prices and new credits with Argentina, Canada, and parts of Western Europe. [388] Castro described Mart's political ideas as "a philosophy of independence and an exceptional humanistic philosophy",[390] and his supporters and apologists repeatedly claimed that there were great similarities between the two figures. Pedro Juan was the son of Casimiro Felipe/Phelipe de Castro Fernndez and Maria Lpez Juana Mndez. [403], Biographer Leycester Coltman described Castro as "fiercely hard-working, dedicated, loyal generous and magnanimous" but noted that he could be "vindictive and unforgiving". At the same time, Castro vastly expanded the countrys social services, extending them to all classes of society on an equal basis. [327] By 2006, Cuba was the world's only nation which met the United Nations Development Programme's definition of sustainable development, with an ecological footprint of less than 1.8 hectares per capita and a Human Development Index of over 0.8. Staying at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, he met with journalists and anti-establishment figures like Malcolm X. Castro had decided to stay in Harlem as a way of expressing solidarity with the poor African-American population living there, thus leading to an assortment of world leaders such as Nasser of Egypt and Nehru of India having to drive out to Harlem to see him. [197] Despite their ideological affinity with China, in the Sino-Soviet split, Cuba allied with the wealthier Soviets, who offered economic and military aid. Highlighting that he was soon to turn 90 years old, he noted that he would die in the near future but urged those assembled to retain their communist ideals. [264] Castro sent troops under the command of General Arnaldo Ochoa to aid the overwhelmed Ethiopian army. However, Fidel Castro was quick to qualify his remarks in a speech that followed a few days later. [278] Desperate for money, Cuba's government secretly sold off paintings from national collections and illicitly traded for US electronic goods through Panama. 1 Portrait of Fidel Castro. [167], Relations between Cuba and the US were further strained following the explosion of a French vessel, the La Coubre, in Havana harbour in March 1960. He wants to increase people's standard of living, the availability of material goods, and to import the latest technology. [435], Castro's most iconic public feature eventually became the Cuban cigar that he smoked on a daily basis. With inefficient industries and a stagnant agriculture, Cuba became increasingly dependent on favourable Soviet trade policies to maintain its modest standard of living in the face of the United States continuing trade embargo. He retained the posts of commander in chief of the armed forces and secretary-general of the Communist Party of Cubathe only legal political partyand he continued to exercise unquestioned and total control over the government. On the one hand, the changes he implemented provided rural areas with electricity, offered free education and health care to all Cubans, and weeded out racism in his countrys society. [298] Tensions were increased with the Cubans advancing close to the border of Namibia, which led to warnings from the South African government that they considered this an extremely unfriendly act, causing South Africa to mobilize and call up its reserves. [157] Health care was nationalized and expanded, with rural health centers and urban polyclinics opening up across the island to offer free medical aid. Political scientist Paul C. Sondrol characterized Castro as "quintessentially totalitarian in his charismatic appeal, utopian functional role and public, transformative utilisation of power". Her brother, Rafael Diaz-Balart, whom Fidel Castro . By Jill Radsken Harvard Staff Writer. [335] In September 2005, Castro established a group of medical professionals, known as the Henry Reeve Brigade, with the mission of international medical solidarity. Reagan's administration adopted a hard-line approach against Castro, making its desire to overthrow his regime clear. [442], Castro's main vacation destination was Cayo de Piedra, a small key island formerly the site of a lighthouse, approximately a mile long and divided into two by a cyclone in the 1960s. [333][334] Some economic problems remained; in 2004, Castro shut down 118 factories, including steel plants, sugar mills and paper processors to compensate for a critical shortage of fuel. [455], Outside of his immediate family, Castro's closest friend was fellow revolutionary Celia Snchez, who accompanied him almost everywhere during the 1960s, and controlled almost all access to the leader. Political scientist Paul C. Sondrol has described Castro's approach to politics as "totalitarian utopianism",[394] with a style of leadership that drew upon the wider Latin American phenomenon of the caudillo. In 1985, Havana hosted five international conferences on the world debt problem. While married to his first wife, ngel Castro began an affair with one of his servants, Lina Ruz Gonzlez, whom he later also married. Aquarama II, which was decorated with wood donated from Angola, had two double cabins, one for Fidel's personal use, a main sitting room, two bathrooms, a bar, a secure communications suite, and was equipped with four Osa-class missile boat engines gifted from Brezhnev allowing for top speeds of over 42 Knots. [452] Although Ral has a vastly contrasting, almost polar opposite personality to Castro, Snchez describes Ral as complementing Castro's personality in all the ways that he is not. [463][464], The Cuban government has never published an official marital history of Castro, with most information coming from defectors and scarce details published in state media and pieced together over the years. My only wish is to fight as a soldier of ideas.. Galician, Portuguese, Italian, and Jewish (Sephardic): . In contrast, his former public criticisms had centered on condemning corruption and US imperialism. Angolan President Jos Eduardo dos Santos successfully appealed for more Cuban troops, with Castro later admitting that he devoted more time to Angola than to the domestic situation, believing that a victory would lead to the collapse of apartheid. [316] Support for Castro remained strong, and although there were small anti-government demonstrations, the Cuban opposition rejected the exile community's calls for an armed uprising. [416] This interest reached its peak in 1982 when a cow that Fidel had bred, "Ubre Blanca", broke the Guinness World Record for producing 29 gallons of milk live on national television. Imprisoned with 25 comrades, Castro renamed his group the "26th of July Movement" (MR-26-7) in memory of the Moncada attack's date, and formed a school for prisoners. [381], Castro proclaimed himself to be "a Socialist, a Marxist, and a Leninist",[382] and publicly identified as a MarxistLeninist from December 1961 onward. [313] Castro tried improving relations with the capitalist nations. On each trip, he was eager to visit factory and farm workers, publicly praising their governments; privately, he urged the regimes to aid revolutionary movements elsewhere, particularly those fighting the Vietnam War. [90] The 1,900-kilometre (1,200mi) crossing to Cuba was harsh, with food running low and many suffering seasickness. [326] Castro maintained his strong stance against apartheid, and at the 26 July celebrations in 1991, he was joined onstage by Nelson Mandela, recently released from prison. Cuba also began acquiring weapons from the Soviet Union, which soon became the countrys chief supporter and trade partner. Considered a "computer geek", like his brothers, he also studied computer science and engineering but was passionate about the subject. Under US pressure, the hostages were released, and Castro welcomed them back as heroes. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 took him by surprise and meant the end of generous Soviet subsidies to Cuba. [438] The main house is an L-shaped two-story family mansion with a 600-square-yard footprint, 50-foot-long swimming pool, six greenhouses providing fruit and vegetables for Fidel's and Ral's families as well as their bodyguard units, and a large lawn with free-range chickens and cows. [34] Pro faced widespread protests when members of the MSR, now allied to the police force, assassinated Justo Fuentes, a socialist friend of Castro's. [206] Upon discovering it through aerial reconnaissance, in October the US implemented an island-wide quarantine to search vessels headed to Cuba, sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis. Fidel would then make a mental mark of the individual as an "idiot", and would wait for the right time to retaliate against them. Hearing about this, the atheist Castro replied: "Now I understand why I survived Bush's plans and the plans of other presidents who ordered my assassination: the good Lord protected me." [459] Unlike the other MININT Departments, both his and Ral's units bypassed the normal chain of command and reported to them directly. [45] He was instead nominated as a candidate for the House of Representatives by party members in Havana's poorest districts, and began campaigning. In October 1991, the Fourth Congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held in Santiago, at which a number of important changes to the government were announced. [385], Castro's government was also nationalistic, with Castro declaring, "We are not only Marxist-Leninists, but also nationalists and patriots". The US saw the missiles as offensive; Castro insisted they were for defence only. [270] Between 1979 and 1991 about 370,000 Cuban troops together with 50,000 Cuban civilians (mostly teachers and doctors) served in Angola, representing about 5% of Cuba's population. [153][154], Although then refusing to categorize his regime as socialist and repeatedly denying being a communist, Castro appointed Marxists to senior government and military positions. [265] The intervention of 17,000 Cuban troops into the Ogaden was by all accounts decisive in altering a war that Ethiopia was on the brink of losing into a victory. She had character, she was brave and self-sacrificing. [280] In one incident, 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian Embassy requesting asylum, and so the US agreed that it would accept 3,500 refugees. [438] The house itself was decorated in a classical Caribbean style, with local wicker and wood furniture, porcelain plates, watercolor paintings, and art books. He even provided bodyguards from his own escort to Celia for her own protection. [168] Inspired by their earlier success with the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'tat, in March 1960, US President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to overthrow Castro's government. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was born in Birn, Holguin Province, Cuba, the fifth of nine children of ngel Mara Bautista Castro y Argiz, a plantation owner originally from Galicia, Spain, who operated a plantation in Cuba's Oriente Province. [271], In the late 1970s, Cuba's relations with North American states improved during the period with Mexican President Luis Echeverra, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau,[272] and US President Jimmy Carter in power. [341] Castro expressed solidarity with the US following the 2001 September 11 attacks, condemning Al-Qaeda and offering Cuban airports for the emergency diversion of any US planes. [118] Furious, Castro ended the ceasefire,[119] and ordered Cantillo's arrest by sympathetic figures in the army. [259] In February, Castro visited Algeria and then Libya, where he spent ten days with Gaddafi and oversaw the establishment of the Jamahariya system of governance, before attending talks with the Marxist government of South Yemen. [201] Security reports indicated that many Cubans associated austerity with the "Old Communists" of the PSP, while Castro considered a number of themnamely Anbal Escalante and Blas Rocaunduly loyal to Moscow. Calling the situation "incredible and absurd", he maintained that war would not benefit either side, and that it represented "one of the gravest risks of nuclear war" since the Cuban missile crisis. and "Down With Yankee Imperialism!". [156], Castro used radio and television to develop a "dialogue with the people", posing questions and making provocative statements. [295] The cost of Cuba's wars in Africa were paid for with Soviet subsidies at a time when the Soviet economy was badly hurt by low oil prices while the apartheid government of South Africa had by the 1980s become a very awkward American ally as much of the American population, especially black Americans, objected to apartheid. [69] Castro was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment in the hospital wing of the Model Prison (Presidio Modelo), a relatively comfortable and modern institution on the Isla de Pinos.[70]. Galician, Portuguese, Italian, and Jewish (Sephardic): topographic name from castro 'castle', 'fortress' . Castro was sentenced on 16 October, during which he delivered a speech that would be printed under the title of History Will Absolve Me. I am sure this would bring happiness to the Cuban people. In 1980 Castro released a flood of immigrants to the United States when he opened the port of Mariel for five months. [322] The arrival of thousands of Mexican and Spanish tourists led to increasing numbers of Cubans turning to prostitution; officially illegal, Castro refrained from cracking down on prostitution in Cuba, fearing a political backlash. [80], In 1955, bombings and violent demonstrations led to a crackdown on dissent, with Castro and Ral fleeing the country to evade arrest. [250] As the Yom Kippur War broke out in October 1973 between Israel and an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, Cuba sent 4,000 troops to aid Syria. [493][494][495] Political opposition was not permitted. [173] The opening session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 1960 was a highly rancorous one with Khrushchev famously banging his shoe against his desk to interrupt a speech by Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong, which set the general tone for the debates and speeches. Snchez described the estate as naturally beautiful and tastefully decorated, and while considered luxurious for the average Cuban, was not lavish or over-the-top compared to the residences of the Somoza clan or the Kim dynasty of North Korea. [124], At Castro's command, the politically moderate lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lle was proclaimed provisional president but Castro announced (falsely) that Urrutia had been selected by "popular election". [371] He did not meet with US President Barack Obama on the latter's visit to Cuba in March 2016, although sent him a letter stating that Cuba "has no need of gifts from the empire". But the economic realities, despite rapid dramatic growth in the gross national product, severely limit what Cuba can buy on the world market. [516], Noting that there were "few more polarising political figures" than Castro, Amnesty International described him as "a progressive but deeply flawed leader". Certain restrictions on emigration were eased, allowing more discontented Cuban citizens to move to the United States. [66] Acting as his own defence counsel, Castro cited Mart as the intellectual author of the attack and convinced the three judges to overrule the army's decision to keep all defendants handcuffed in court, proceeding to argue that the charge with which they were accusedof "organizing an uprising of armed persons against the Constitutional Powers of the State"was incorrect, for they had risen up against Batista, who had seized power in an unconstitutional manner. [325], In the early 1990s Castro embraced environmentalism, campaigning against global warming and the waste of natural resources, and accusing the US of being the world's primary polluter. [120] Accompanying celebrations at news of Batista's downfall on 1 January 1959, Castro ordered the MR-26-7 to prevent widespread looting and vandalism. Barack Obamas historic visit to Cuba with a 1,600-word letter in Granma. The agent, Paola Comin, didn't provide details. [190] Castro's victory reverberated around the world, especially in Latin America, but it also increased internal opposition primarily among the middle-class Cubans who had been detained in the run-up to the invasion. If you don't eventually come to truly understand the history of the class struggle, or at least have a clear idea that society is divided between the rich and the poor, and that some people subjugate and exploit other people, you're lost in a forest, not knowing anything. [339], In contrast to the improved relations between Cuba and a number of leftist Latin American states, in 2004 it broke off diplomatic ties with Panama after centrist President Mireya Moscoso pardoned four Cuban exiles accused of attempting to assassinate Castro in 2000. The son of a Spanish immigrant who had made a fortune building rail systems to transport sugar cane, Fidel. She was a teacher who was part of the government's literacy campaign who moved to Havana on Castro's initiative and later moved in with him at. In 1965, Castro authorized Che Guevara to travel to Congo-Kinshasa to train revolutionaries against the Western-backed government. [439] Ral and Vilma's house La Rinconada is located close by on 222nd street. Indeed, Castros philosophy gravitated toward a Leninist strain of Marxism as his rule progressed, although his beliefs differentiated themselves in some key ways, such as his identification with nonaligned countries and his celebration of guerrilla-style revolution. The authoritarian nature of the Cuban Revolution stems largely from his commitment to that goal. Together they had seven children; Fidel was one of them, and Ral, who later became his brothers chief associate in Cuban affairs, was another. Carter continued criticizing Cuba's human rights abuses, but adopted a respectful approach which gained Castro's attention. [407] He preferred to meet foreign diplomats in these early hours, believing that they would be tired and he could gain the upper hand in negotiations. Retaliating, the US cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most US-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills. Pupo and her husband now live in Miami. He was the first Canadian government leader to visit the island since Pierre Trudeau was in Havana in 1976. [279] Increasing numbers of Cubans fled to Florida, but were labelled "scum" and "lumpen" by Castro and his CDR supporters. Publicly, he presented himself as a moderate on the world stage. [456][452] Reynaldo Snchez confirmed that Celia was indeed Castro's mistress and regarded her as the "true love of his life". [30] That year, he married Mirta Daz Balart, a student from a wealthy family, through whom he was exposed to the lifestyle of the Cuban elite. Fig. He held the title of premier until 1976 and then began a long tenure as president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. Fourteen were put on trial for crimes allegedly committed before the revolution, while the others were returned to the US in exchange for medicine and food valued at US$25million. [203], Militarily weaker than NATO, Khrushchev wanted to install Soviet R-12 MRBM nuclear missiles on Cuba to even the power balance. [156] A third part of this social program was the improvement of infrastructure. [311] When Gorbachev regained control, Cuba-Soviet relations deteriorated further and Soviet troops were withdrawn in September 1991. [104] Although Guevara and Ral were well known for their MarxistLeninist views, Castro hid his, hoping to gain the support of less radical revolutionaries. [35] Castro had moved further to the left, influenced by the Marxist writings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin. There is, then, very little in the way of individual freedoms especially freedom of expression and assembly. [419] He promoted the idea that Jesus Christ was a communist, citing the feeding of the 5,000 and the story of Jesus and the rich young man as evidence. Over the years, Castro added an elevator, fitness room, and a bowling alley for his and Celia's personal use. Castro also disliked worrying about his appearance and hated shaving, making the beard and uniform all the more convenient for him. [277] For the first time, unemployment became a serious problem in Castro's Cuba, with the government sending unemployed youth to other countries, primarily East Germany, to work there. He criticized use of the Bible to justify the oppression of women and Africans,[417] but commented that Christianity exhibited "a group of very humane precepts" which gave the world "ethical values" and a "sense of social justice", relating, "If people call me Christian, not from the standpoint of religion but from the standpoint of social vision, I declare that I am a Christian. The US responded by ending diplomatic relations, and it increased CIA funding for exiled dissidents; these militants began attacking ships that traded with Cuba, and bombed factories, shops, and sugar mills. In retaliation, the National Institute for Agrarian Reform INRA took control of 383 private-run businesses on 14 October, and on 25 October a further 166 US companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized. On December 2, 1956, Castro and an armed expedition of 81 men landed on the eastern coast of Cuba from the yacht Granma. There is often talk of human rights, but it is also necessary to talk of the rights of humanity. [232] Recognising Cuba's economic dependence on the Soviets, Castro relented to Brezhnev's pressure to be obedient, and in August 1968 he denounced the leaders of the Prague Spring and praised the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. [301] Gorbachev called for a negotiated end to the conflict and in 1988 organized a quadripartite talks between the USSR, US, Cuba and South Africa; they agreed that all foreign troops would pull out of Angola while South Africa agreed to grant independence to Namibia. [356] Describing his brother as "not substitutable", Ral proposed that Fidel continue to be consulted on matters of great importance, a motion unanimously approved by the 597 National Assembly members. Date July 26, 2019. He was infuriated that the government had left thousands unemployed by closing down casinos and brothels. [524] He was awarded a wide variety of awards and honours from foreign governments and was cited as an inspiration for foreign leaders like Ahmed Ben Bella[517] and Nelson Mandela,[525] who subsequently awarded him South Africa's highest civilian award for foreigners, the Order of Good Hope. Subsequently, Fidel ordered two mechanics from his bodyguard unit to West Germany to purchase several second-hand Mercedes-Benz 500's to replace the obsolete Alfa Romeos. He then pushed Urrutia to issue a temporary ban on political parties; he repeatedly said that they would eventually hold multiparty elections. [432] His uniform was also kept simple, he never wore any medals or decorations and his only marker of rank was the Comandante El Jefe insignia stitched on the shoulder straps. Also known as: Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. [337][338] Cuba has opened four additional embassies in the Caribbean Community including: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Suriname, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Economic decision-making power was concentrated in a centralized bureaucracy headed by Castro, who proved to be an inept economic manager. She often appeared in public with Castro, in particular in Oliver Stone's, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 14:14. [106] Reporters from CBS and Paris Match soon followed. By November, Castro's forces controlled most of Oriente and Las Villas, and divided Cuba in two by closing major roads and rail lines, severely disadvantaging Batista.

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