france has surrendered to russia 2022why is graham wardle leaving heartland
A lot of other places around the world, they just fold the minute theres any type of adversity, DeSantis told reporters at a press event at South Florida University in Tampa on Wednesday. Even as Russia has struggled on other fronts in Ukraine, the surrender solidified one of Russia's few significant territorial achievements the conquest of a once-thriving southeast port. According to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), a Nobel Prize-winning group working to outlaw and eliminate nukes, just one bomb (exploded in a city) can kill millions. But there was no talk from Moscow of swapping any captives, and by Wednesday it was clear that the Kremlin intended to use the prisoners for other purposes. France's President Emmanuel Macron heads to Russia on Monday with one aim on his mind: Receiving assurances from Moscow that it will start to de-escalate tensions on the Ukrainian border. Monday's meeting in Moscow is extremely important for the French president, who has been pushing for a more independent European Union in terms of defense, while he also faces elections in April when his current tenure ends. Napoleon III favoured a "policy of nationalities" (principe des nationalits) or support to national revolutions in multinational countries like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, something fervently opposed by the Tsarist regime. Because we, as a NATO ally who struggled with terror for years, whose borders were harassed, big conflicts occurred just next door, have never seen such a picture, he said. As a response, Franois Hollande and Vladimir Putin agreed on ordering cooperation between their respective armed forces against the terrorist organisation. Brussels: NATO has agreed to beef up its land, sea and air forces on its eastern flank near Ukraine and Russia after Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered a military offensive in Ukraine. On Friday, Putin told Charles Michel, the president of the European Council, that the marines holed up in the citys Azovstal steel plant would be allowed to live if they surrendered. Initially, the republicans opposed any Russian alliance, as the two had different positions on almost all international affairs at that time. [31] The deal was criticised for neglecting the security interests of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Georgia. [46], During the Cold War, Russian active measures targeted French public opinion. We have seen enough and see no chance of victory for us, French PresidentEmmanuel Macronsaid in a tearful press conference. Do you dream of being a comedy news writer? The Telegraph values your comments but kindly requests all posts are on topic, constructive and respectful. Anyone French who saw DeSantiss remark might remember the bad jokes (cheese-eating surrender monkeys) and Orwellian doublespeak (french fries renamed freedom fries) that followed Jacques Chiracs refusal to back the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Germany's Otto von Bismarck drew the same conclusion and worked hard to keep France diplomatically isolated. The funny story above is a satire or parody. Austria, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic exported 49.3 million (41 million) between them in arms to Russia between 2015 and 2022. She accused Ukraines forces of having fired rockets at the facility that held them. France supported the United States in the NATO alliance against Communist expansion. Bovykin, V.I. We dont spam! In April 2022, Germany expelled "a significant number" of Russian officials, and Russia expelled 40 German diplomats later that month. [44], In 1980 France's domestic intelligence service, the DST recruited KGB officer Vladimir Vetrov as a double agent. But even as the French presidency stressed that France would keep diplomatic lines open with Russia as long as necessary including to organize the passage of humanitarian aid the successive phone calls have shown the limits of Mr. Macrons outreach to Mr. Putin. However Napoleon established a puppet Polish state the Duchy of Warsaw which annoyed Russia. Lithuania also borders fellow NATO and European Union members Poland and Latvia. material from Agence France-Presse (AFP . It is expected that Italy will announce its immediate surrender shortly. This shows how the atrocity crimes being committed by Russian forces, and Ukraines commitment to prosecute them, are so much the center of attention right now., The Ukrainian prosecutor in the trial, Andriy Sinyuk, described it as an unprecedented procedure in which a serviceman of a different country is accused of murdering a civilian of Ukraine., A Kremlin spokesman, Dmitri S. Peskov, dismissed the proceedings, telling reporters that the accusations leveled against Russian soldiers by Ukraine were simply fake or staged., We still have no information, Mr. Peskov said. However, further Russian aggression in Ukraine may hurt his potential reelection campaign. The deal which was signed in 2010, was the first major arms deal between Russia and the Western world since World War II. Berlin: German Chancellor Olaf Scholz has condemned Russia's attack on Ukraine, calling it a dark day for Europe and expressing his country's full solidarity with Kyiv. Soner Cagaptay, director of the Turkish Research Program at the Washington Institute, said Mr. Erdogan was likely angling for concessions before a NATO summit in June, and was likely looking for Sweden to take a stronger stand against Kurdish groups that Turkey regards as linked to the Kurdistan Workers Party, or P.K.K., which launched a violent separatist movement in Turkey in the early 1980s. [36] A Russian newspaper recalled that "WWII had forced the Western World and the Soviet Union to overcome their ideological differences", wondering whether ISIS would be the "new Hitler". Today it has none. In response, Russia worked with France in order to renege on agreements to reduce troop strength in Manchuria. He and Empresses Elizabeth and Catherine all sponsored French intellectuals to visit and teach in Russia. Thanks for signing up! After the defeat in the Franco-German war of 187071, French elites concluded that France could never hope to defeat Germany on its own, and the way to defeat the Reich would be with the help of another great power. French President Emmanuel Macron says France and its European allies did everything to try to head off the attack on Ukraine. | World News Russia gave Ukrainian fighters still holding out in Mariupol a fresh ultimatum to surrender on Wednesday as it pushed for a decisive victory in its new eastern offensive, while Western. The loophole, eventually closed on April 8, was only shut after mounting protests from Baltic and eastern member states. And he charged that Russia is using force to try to rewrite history. Mr. Macron told Mr. Putin that he was making a serious mistake and was deluding himself and looking for pretexts with his assertions that the Kyiv government was run by Nazis, the official said. The First and Second Three Emperor's Leagues of the 1870s and 1880s-which brought together Germany, Austria and Russia-had as its stated purpose the preservation of the monarchical order in Europe against the France of the Third Republic. [10] Napoleon amassed a huge army of 600,000 soldiers from France and its allies to invade Russia in 1812. "It is indispensable to avoid a degradation of the situation before we build mechanisms and gestures of reciprocal trust [with Russia],"France's President Emmanuel Macron said in an interview. Examples of suspected or verified Soviet and Russian operations: Consulate-General of France in Saint Petersburg, Consulate-General of Russia in Strasbourg, France joins Crimean War against Russia, 18541856, Thomas Freller, "In Search of a Mediterranean Base: the Order of St. John and Russia's Great Power Plans During the Rule of Tsar Peter the Great and Tsarina Catherine II. Earlier on Wednesday, Xi and Zelensky held their first . Countries closest to the conflict Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland are among those to have triggered rare consultations under Article 4 of NATO's founding treaty, which can be launched when the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the (NATO) parties is threatened. UK and France have about 500 between them. The governor also began the event by angrily attacking students present on the stage with him for wearing masks against Covid-19. It was a hard-fought battle, but we cannot continue, Macron continued. After a change in government in Berlin last year, Germany has yet to find its footing when it comes to its relationship with Russia. Syrie: la France et la Russie s'allient contre Daech, Daech, premier ennemi que la France et la Russie pourraient combattre ensemble depuis 1945, "People in Britain and the U.S. disagree on who did more to beat the Nazis", "France arrests top military officer over Russian-linked 'breach', "Live: France says Putin, Macron agree to work for ceasefire in Ukraine", "Here are the nations on Russia's 'unfriendly countries' list", "Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price", "Macron warns France to brace for Russian gas cutoff", "Farewell The Greatest Spy Story of the Twentieth Century by Sergei Kostin and Eric Raynaud", French secret service fear Russian cathedral a spying front, Embassy of the Russian Federation in Paris. Russia's Foreign Ministry declared 85 European diplomats "persona non grata" on Wednesday in response to the expulsion of dozens of Russian diplomats in several European countries. This suited the Bourbon kings who again ruled France after the Restoration. A photo taken during a trip organized by the Russian Ministry of Defense shows Russian soldiers in a destroyed part of a Mariupol factory on Wednesday. Exavier is an excellent writertremendous. Arestovich said that fighting is going on 4-5 kilometers (2 -3 miles) north of Ukraine's second-largest city of Kharkiv, in the country's northeast. The trial, part of Ukraines effort to document atrocities and identify perpetrators, drew intense interest. [11], At the Vienna Congress of 181415, Russia played a major diplomatic role as a leader of the conservative, anti-revolutionary forces. May 18, 2022. France, the French have been historically not ones to fight. 11 Chxo 4 yr. ago Vive la Macron!. In an address to lawmakers in Turkeys Parliament on Wednesday, Mr. Erdogan said the outpouring of support for Ukraine, which he has generally supported, was bittersweet.. It wasn't like the Germans declared war and the French surrendered without firing a single shot. A phone conversation between President Emmanuel Macron of France and President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia on Thursday offered little hope that the fighting in Ukraine would abate any time soon, with the Kremlin saying it had no intention of backing down from a war that is going according to plan and the French presidency warning that Mr. Putin appeared determined to invade the entire country. Click here to be a writer! It gives authorities, among other things, the right to check and inspect vehicles, persons and luggage in the border area. Ankara: Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan says Russia's military actions in Ukraine violate international laws and amount to a heavy blow to regional peace and stability. But this has become an even bigger issue for Macron as France is in charge of theEU'srotating presidency until June. We understand their security concerns, but Turkeys security concerns should be also met, Mr. Cavusoglu told Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken ahead of a meeting at the United Nations in New York. Mr. Macron warned that Russia would pay dearly, leaving the country weakened, isolated and under sanctions for a very long time., In its own readout of the call, the Kremlin said that Mr. Putin had told his French counterpart that his main goal was the demilitarization and neutral status of Ukraine. Those goals, the Kremlin said, will be achieved no matter what., Mr. Putin also denied that Russian forces were attacking civilians, dismissing them as elements of an anti-Russian disinformation campaign., A Putin-Macron call leaves France persuaded that Russia wants control of all of Ukraine., https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/world/europe/putin-macron-call.html. How many nukes do either side of this conflict have? Russia fought against France in the War of the Second Coalition. Once Napoleon Bonaparte came to power in 1799, Russia remained hostile and fought in the Wars of the Third and Fourth Coalitions, which were victories for France and saw French power extend into Central Europe. France was generally allied with Sweden, PolandLithuania, and the Ottoman Empire, in explicit opposition to the Austrian Habsburgs but implicitly also against Russia. inside Mariupol's pulverised steel plant have surrendered, Russia has said. [32] In that same year, France instead sold the two Mistral warships to Egypt. Some of the prisoners were transferred to pretrial detention in the town of Yelenovka, in the Russia-controlled eastern Ukrainian region of Donetsk, Ms. Zakharova said. NATO ambassadors said in a statement after emergency talks Thursday that we have increased the readiness of our forces to respond to all contingencies. Russia was a leader of the conservative Concert of Europe which sought to stifle revolution. This morning, we again will be raising the white flag instead of the French flag and humbly accept our victors, whoever they are.. He called for harder sanctions against Russia, declaring that it's necessary to isolate a lunatic and not just to defend ourselves by words but also by deeds. Russian commentators celebrated the fall of the steel plant and, in particular, the capture of members of the Azov battalion, a Ukrainian regiment with roots as a far-right group, which Mr. Putin has exploited to fictitiously portray the invasion as a battle to rid Ukraine of Nazis. Prague: Czech President Milos Zeman, who has been a leading pro-Russian voice among European Union leaders, has condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine as an unprovoked act of aggression. (modern). Chernobyl, the site of the horrific meltdown in 1986, and which remains uninhabitable nearly four decades on - is a sobering reminder of its capability. After gaining control in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers in 1918. But Oleksiy Arestovich said Thursday that Kyiv is under reliable protection and they will face tough battles. Russia released a video of hospitalized captive soldiers in a separatist-held city east of Mariupol. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. At the same time, Macron is also looking to fill some of the void left by Angela Merkel, the former chancellor of Germany, who finished 16 years in power in late 2021. (function(w,d,s,i){w.ldAdInit=w.ldAdInit||[];w.ldAdInit.push({slot:13876812505629030,size:[0, 0],id:"ld-4954-317"});if(!d.getElementById(i)){var j=d.createElement(s),p=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];j.async=true;j.src="//cdn2.lockerdomecdn.com/_js/ajs.js";j.id=i;p.parentNode.insertBefore(j,p);}})(window,document,"script","ld-ajs"); We strive to provide the most up-to-date, accurate fake news on the Internet. The entire area, including parts of the sea, are still radioactive. On the other hand, France was increasingly frustrated by Bismarck's success in isolating it diplomatically. Headed by the steward Pyotr Potemkin, who had an audience with Louis XIV and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the embassy discussed the establishment of mutually beneficial trade relations between the two countries. By 1892, Russia was the only opportunity for France to break out of its diplomatic isolation. in. The most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs. Turkish defence firm Baykar aims to begin production of its new unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) next year which is already attracting international interest, its chairman Selcuk Bayraktar said. In the 1930s, France could not forge an alliance against a resurgent Nazi Germany. [29], During the 2008 Georgia-Russia War, Nicolas Sarkozy did not insist on the territorial integrity of Georgia. Russia has extended the deadline for soldiers in Mariupol to surrender from Sunday morning to Sunday afternoon. In blocking an early procedural vote on the applications, Turkeys president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, seemed to be calculating that his cooperation was at a premium at a moment of global crisis. Turkeys move came against the backdrop of a separate frustration for the Wests challenges to Mr. Putin: Prime Minister Viktor Orban of Hungary, another authoritarian leader, has stalled a proposed European Union embargo of Russian oil. Read our privacy policy for more info. Find out more, An armoured convoy of pro-Russian troops moves along in Mariupol as the Kremlin steps up its pursuit of eastern Ukraine, Olaf Scholz, the German chancellor, was criticised this week for his reluctance to provide heavy weapons to Ukraine, Scottish chef who became Australian MasterChef judge dies aged 46, Islamic State leader killed in Syria by Turkish intelligence services, says president, Britain announces new evacuation from Sudan port, Kyiv says it retains Bakhmut 'road of life' despite Kremlin assertions, Homeless in Oregon given right to sue anyone for $1k who tell them to move, Joe Biden: 'Rupert Murdoch makes me look like Harry Styles'. [20], Imperial Russia's foreign policy was hostile to republican France in the 19th century and very pro-German. PARIS, Feb 24 (Reuters) - France will respond without weakness to Russia's act of war against Ukraine, said President Emmanuel Macron on Thursday, adding that Russia could expect tough. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. In 1615, the embassy of Ivan Kondyrev arrived at the court of Louis XIII of France, which ended in failure, but laid the foundation for diplomatic relations between Russia and France. ET, February 27, 2022 Air France suspends flights to Russia in light of situation in the region From CNN's Niamh Kennedy and Martin Goillandeau Jens Stoltenberg called for a summit of NATO alliance leaders for Friday. A visit to France by Peter I himself in 1717 served as the starting point for the establishment of permanent diplomatic relations between the two countries, interrupted only by the French Revolution. The lieutenant-colonel was accused of "serious security breaches", for which he was facing legal proceedings. It has also moved its submarines out of Sevastopol for fear of Ukrainian boat drone attacks. On Wednesday, the courtroom and an overflow room were crowded with members of the local and international news media, and the proceedings were broadcast on YouTube. Tensions between Russia and the West over Ukraine have ramped up significantly in recent weeks. Ukraine's deputy prime minister Iryna Vereshchuk said there could be "no talk. The French chief of counterintelligence has given new details about a Russian spy ring broken up by France in the wake of Moscow's invasion of . "The world is becoming more and more dangerous and Germany as the biggest European country and the strongest economic power cannot allow itself to stay neutral," Andrij Melnyk, the Ukrainian ambassador to Germany told CNBC's Annette Weisbach Monday. See post, Trudeau attends Torontos Vaisakhi celebrations, Man falls into vessel of boiling rasam in Tamil Nadu, succumbs to burns. These images show ruined buildings in the city of Uman, located in central Ukraine, after Russia fired more than 20 cruise missiles and two drones at the region on Friday, killing at least 23 people. [39], On 20 February 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron and Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed to work toward a ceasefire in eastern Ukraine. Western as the prote[13] Russia gave financial support of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Syria and Palestine, while France aided Catholic mission work. [1] A 2018 opinion poll published by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center showed that 81% of Russians had a favourable view of France and 19% an unfavourable view.[2]. Nothing is certain about the success of Russias operations, but we have to expect that the worst is to come, said the official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity in keeping with French government practice. The intellectual mood in France feared Russian expansionism, military strength, and a premodern Asiatic (or "Tatar") perspective that hated the Enlightenment roots of Western European culture. Right now Europe is not serious at all. "Paris wants to prioritize a European engagement strategy with Moscow instead of a US-led one anchored in NATO," analysts at consultancy firm Eurasia Group said in a research note in late January. Paris fell. Chernobyl now has been captured by Russian forces. It is a disgrace, but it isourdisgrace. Also, maybe the Franco-Prussian war? Real interest in Russia appeared in France only after the 1607 publication of the work of Huguenot mercenary Jacques Margeret, "The State of the Russian State and the Grand Duchy of Moscow", information from which was used in the "History of his time" (1620) by the famous historian Jacques Auguste de Thou (15531617). The fallout, in a conflict where both sides have nuclear weapons, could be catastrophic, particularly since resulting waste will leave the area uninhabitable and have disastrous environmental effects. It is entirely fictitious. Paris allowed exporters to fulfil contracts. I mean, please take them off. Bonaparte abdicated and the Bourbon kings returned to power in 1814. While Turkey indicated that it would not ultimately oppose membership for Sweden and Finland, its objections are slowing a process that the West had hoped would quickly strengthen European defenses against further aggression by President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia. Kyiv: An adviser to Ukraine's president says that Russian forces forged 10-20 kilometers (6-12 miles) deep into the Chernihiv region of northern Ukraine and are regrouping to continue the offensive. Only a tenth survived the fighting and the extreme cold. April 27, 2023 10:56 AM PT. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters a second day - at least 137 died in yesterday's fighting, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said - concerns are being raised over the significant threat posed by nuclear weapons available to both the United States and Russia, as well as other western powers in the region - the United Kingdom and France. So he has the ability now to go in and flex muscle.. A journalist with 11+ years across print and digital media, he also has degrees in Sociology and Economics. Russia has said that 959 soldiers in the plant surrendered, about 800 of them from the Azov battalion. Latvia's National Electronic Mass Media Council said Thursday that there will be a ban on broadcasts of the Rossija RTR channel for five years, Rossija 24 channel for four years and TV Centre International for three years. Screen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. While some of NATO's 30-member countries are supplying arms, ammunition and other equipment to Ukraine, NATO as an organisation is not. And he charged that Russia is using force to try to rewrite history. read more. [22], In August 1891, France and Russia signed a "consultative pact" where both nations agreed to consult each other if another power were to threaten the peace of Europe. He said Ukrainian troops destroyed four Russian tanks there. Paris made a few overtures to Berlin, but they were rebuffed, and after 1900 there was a threat of war between France and Germany over Germany's attempt to deny French expansion into Morocco. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, France, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations". Paris allowed exporters to fulfil contracts agreed before 2014, using a backdoor technicality in the EU embargo. Together with Britain, they went to war with Germany in 19141918. French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian was more direct and said Putin's statement was tantamount to a threat to use nuclear weapons. The mass surrender, which ended the longest battle of the three-month-old war, was depicted by the Russians as a glorious turning point in a conflict that Western military analysts and rights groups have described as disastrous for the Kremlin and its forces, which have bombed Ukraine indiscriminately and been accused of other atrocities. And the ability to provide assistance due to the lack of our diplomatic mission there is also very limited.. Posted Thu 19 May 2022 at 3:08am Thursday 19 May 2022 at 3:08am Thu 19 . He stressed that Romania will not be drawn into the military conflict in Ukraine and said Romanian authorities will take absolutely all the necessary measures to ensure the safety of the country's citizens. Kyiv: Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, says that Russia's key goal is clear: to oust the Ukrainian leadership and stir up as much panic as possible. The French President has called upon the international community to bring "together of all those who can realistically fight against this terrorist army in a large and unique coalition. [18] A. J. P. Taylor says the 1859 treaty "was a triumph for Napoleon; and indeed it alone made possible the liberation of Italy". Anyone excluding Manchurian nation assembled here would know that. "The events of last night mark a turning point in the history of Europe," said Macron in a televised address to the French nation, standing before French, European Union and Ukranian flags. Just one nuclear missile could do catastrophic damage to the world today. Ms. Zakharova said she had no information about a prisoner exchange with Ukraine, and that those requiring medical attention were receiving it. Unfortunately, other European countries have not done the same. "Pomp, Circumstance, and Realpolitik: The Evolution of the Triple Entente of Russia, Great Britain, and France. Among the. He was not charged with a war crime under international law. (Denmark called it quits in about 4 to 6 hours.) Apr 13, 2022 3.4K Dislike Share Save FRANCE 24 English 2.5M subscribers Russia's defence ministry said on Wednesday that 1,026 soldiers of Ukraine's 36th Marine Brigade, including 162. The French government did not comment on its use of the exemption, but has previously defended the grandfather clause. Our team of journalists, hacks, and starving writers only want one thing: to make you laugh and/or cry. "Prelude to Defeat: Franco-Soviet Relations, 1919-39. The sergeant, who is facing 10 to 15 years in prison, was charged under Ukrainian statutes with violating the laws and customs of war, combined with premeditated murder, prosecutors said. Since Macron took power in France, Russian-French relations have remained at a stand-still. He said Italy, which has kept its embassy in Kyiv open, fully supported very strong sanctions against Russia and was coordinating with NATO and EU allies to beef up security on NATO's eastern flank. (Only the headline and picture of this report may have been reworked by the Business Standard staff; the rest of the content is auto-generated from a syndicated feed. Moscow has sharply criticized NATO deployments in Eastern Europe in recent years and China has backed Russia, saying last week that it opposes further enlargement of the military alliance. Our measures are and remain preventive, proportionate and non-escalatory. France's challenges to Russia's influence led France to participate in the Crimean War, which saw British and French troops invade the Crimean peninsula and defeat Russia. Berlin defended its use of an ambiguity within the EUs 2014 arms blockade, insisting that the goods were sold only after the Kremlin guaranteed they were for civilian use, rather than military application. The Nuclear Threat Initiative, a US-based nonprofit global security group combating nuclear threats - estimates Putin has about 6,200 nuclear warheads, of which around 1,600 are deployed strategic nuclear warheads. In 1902, Japan formed a military alliance with Britain. Though sad, and humiliating, none of us can. Have a submission to contribute, click here? ", Carley, Michael Jabara. 2023 CNBC LLC. Envoys from Poland and Lithuania ensured the text of the original 2014 arms embargo was amended when it emerged weapons were still pouring into Russia. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox. Many soldiers who surrendered from Mariupols Azovstal steel plant belong to the Azov battalion, a group with far-right roots, and the Kremlin may now put them on trial just as Ukraine is prosecuting Russians for war crimes. In Prussia, Otto von Bismarck took a friendly position toward Russia on Poland and other issues, and made sure that when war broke out between France and the German states in 1870, Russia was neutral, as was every other power. The European Commission was this month forced to close a loophole in its blockade after it was found that at least 10 member states exported almost 350 million (294 million) in hardware to Vladimir Putins regime. Mr. Putin also repeated demands that the Ukrainian government and other European countries have already deemed unacceptable, the official said. [27], The USSR disintegrated in 1991 and Communism collapsed in France and across Europe. 36, 83, Michael Confino, "Re-inventing the Enlightenment: western images of eastern realities in the eighteenth century. In recent weeks Macron has made widely publicized efforts to mediate and defuse Russia's planned invasion of Ukraine.