cps guidelines for child removal new york

Because child protective services law, policy and practice are complex, supervisors play key roles regarding the way in which the department responds. Law Offices of Frank L. Branson seeks associate with ten plus years plaintiffs' complex, multi-defendant, personal injury trial and appellat Shipman is seeking an attorney with 8+ years of experience, to join our corporate and transactional practice. 0000472556 00000 n Where Can I Get Materials I Can Use to Help Families? Do the Parents Need Lawyers to Represent Them? (1-800-342-3720), unless local child protective services plan provides for reports to local child protective services. Allowed a child to engage in prostitution? any act described in section 255.25 of the penal law (Incest); or allows such child to engage in any The legacy Google Translate service is also available below. 0000473153 00000 n A perpetrator (subject of the report) is the person who the mandated reporter suspects has committed an act of child abuse or neglect. Our second option allows you to build your bundle and strategically select the content that pertains to your needs. The complete analysis should take no longer than 60 days. A child died and Child Protective Services (CPS) was involved. 0000479889 00000 n 0000036513 00000 n The New York State Office of Children and Family Services maintains the Statewide Central Register of Child Abuse and Maltreatment (SCR, also known as the hotline) for reports made pursuant to the Social Services Law. 0000465310 00000 n 0000472232 00000 n positive indicator of toxicology, esp.in newborns; drug withdrawal symptoms, tremors, etc. To view this content, please continue to their sites. stream . 0000467124 00000 n Below are the five criteria CPS uses to assess each call to the Hotline. Removal with a court order : DFPS can request that a court sign an order to remove a child from the parents in an ex parte hearing without the parents present. The purpose of the Child Protective Services Act of 1973 is to encourage more complete reporting of child abuse and maltreatment. 0000013991 00000 n 0000467338 00000 n If CPS removes your children, the agency must notify you about the removal within 24 hours. The child may be placed in foster care or with other suitable persons until the court makes its final disposition. 0000471820 00000 n (2019). 0000469647 00000 n the application and at any hearing held regarding the order as well as the right to be represented by 0000475284 00000 n 0000468255 00000 n It is important to note that anything said to a case worker can be evidence in a court of law. Child Protective Services/Statewide Central Register Forms. 267 22 All voluntary reporters may use the statewide, toll free number to report suspected cases of child abuse or maltreatment. If you'd like to receive alerts about new resources and announcements, please subscribe to our email lists. 0000020405 00000 n 0000006704 00000 n Black children represent almost one-quarter of the children in foster care, examination of the history of child welfare policy and practice, Disproportionate Minority Representation grants, commissioner, directors, supervisors, and caseworkers from Nassau County reported, cross-systems efforts to understand historic and systemic racism, https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/03/ce-corner, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333331750_An_Evaluation_of_Implicit_Bias_Training_in_Graduate_Medical_Education. The first permanency hearing must be be held 8 months after child is placed and every 6 months thereafter. In New York City, this agency is the Administration for Children's Services. %PDF-1.6 % If DFPS obtains an order authorizing the emergency removal of a child, DFPS may remove the child from the parents after obtaining the order. 0000003439 00000 n What Questions Should I Ask? 0000000749 00000 n 0000013245 00000 n startxref 0000019878 00000 n However, the 0000465935 00000 n 0000023637 00000 n 0000465522 00000 n 0000473587 00000 n However, that would require the parent to go through a hearing process where they need legal representation. 0000476179 00000 n fails to comply with a rule or regulation involving care, services or supervision of a child promulgated If appropriate, the child may be called as a witness. The abuse is horrific and the person who caused it has already been arrested. 0000117769 00000 n Have access to resources and services to promote permanency. 0000013044 00000 n by misusing a drug or drugs; or by misusing alcoholic beverages to the extent that the parent or other person 0000477945 00000 n 0000478486 00000 n 0000470349 00000 n The industry-leading media platform offering competitive intelligence to prepare for today and anticipate opportunities for future success. 4 0 obj 74 345 hRmHSQ~w~tJS3SSh?\,b15 !Rb"PZAf\V"&q>CZ?=pxxyyB un=2@F\'h{[[LF?=u*dkTi[{3pCYQ{aqNgpwbFnz3:m17i*}68Q7$W%+BXk /hw]&/qNLY4([X*y-n#r? If CPS is going to remove the child from their home, they will initially seek out relatives and family friends who may be able to care for the child while the parties settle any pending legal worries or actions. bring the child immediately to a place approved for this purpose by the local social services Child Removal by CPS in New York Child removal typically requires a court order in New York. Child neglect can range from not feeding a child to leaving the child alone with no supervision for hours. 0000470684 00000 n \h+i)500'H3Q4f`TOv )EF 27 4 0000466753 00000 n 0000017656 00000 n Social Work Education Consortium, University of Albany. Child abuse occurs when a perpetrator intentionally harms a child physically, emotionally, or sexually. <> individual's system. The exception to this is if reports range from multiple states or a parent absconds from another state with a child. x]moF a?J^rCzXsD,IQ-K*PH>3jUN)t^Eu"e/_\if oMH}}+-}W?S\3voY`bqYbC>a0Vi &1I4p$pN] 0000470042 00000 n In cases where the childs safety is not in immediate danger or the situation is not necessarily unsustainable, CPS may get court-ordered supervision, essentially monitoring the home where the child stays in compliance with the court order until the court finds the matter resolved. When you call, Child Abuse Hotline staff member will ask you to explain the information and circumstances that caused your suspicion. 0000465591 00000 n In addition to investigative staff, home-finding staff also are made aware of the familys demographics and neighborhood information so they can immediately begin locating a kinship or community-based placement if a decision to remove is made. 0000473705 00000 n commits or allows to be committed a sex offense against the child, as defined in the penal law; allows, permits, or encourages the child to engage in any act described in sections 230.25, 230.30 or 230.32 of the penal law (Promoting Prostitution in the third, second, and first degree respectively); commits any act described in section 255.25 of the penal law (Incest); or allows such child to engage in any act described in article 263 of the penal law (Sexual Performance by a Child). physical or emotional health or loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ; or, creates or allows to be created a substantial risk of physical injury to a child by other than accidental 0000470436 00000 n In addition, to better address social determinants of health and community conditions, resources should be deployed and neighborhood asset-building should be encouraged. Therefore, when one is dealing with their states form of CPS, it is important to remember that they follow both state and federal guidelines when it comes to child removal. failure to comply results in death or serious or protracted disfigurement, impairment of In these kinds of cases, a phone call from the front-line CPS investigator to her supervisor is brief and their joint decision is clear. trailer 0000471710 00000 n startxref 0000469769 00000 n 0000473339 00000 n In that case, the local service should immediately report to the statewide central . 0000469592 00000 n 0000466066 00000 n 0000466179 00000 n 0000468885 00000 n This agency is responsible for providing child welfare, education, and juvenile justice services throughout the community. duly authorized agency, a peace officer, police officer, or authorized agent to apply for an order of temporary or. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Decrease the overall number of children removed. Because of this status, the supervisor is often a named defendant in these kinds of lawsuits. Child Protective Services Supervisors Are Targets in Child Removal Lawsuits. 0000471104 00000 n 0000471764 00000 n 0000471490 00000 n SEXUAL ABUSE:Has the person legally responsible, Created by Monroe County Department of Human Services. 0000121576 00000 n If someone reports any of the reasons below to CPS, they will begin the investigation no later than 24 hours after the report: The investigation typically includes home visits to assess the childs living standards, questioning teachers, inquiring with caretakers, and occasionally following up with family doctors. 0000475120 00000 n 0000003177 00000 n 0000474035 00000 n 0000030232 00000 n to be represented by counsel in abuse or neglect proceedings as well as the procedures for obtaining CPS Guidelines For Child Removal In New Jersey The State of New Jersey's public policy considers a child's safety and health of utmost concern. 0000476831 00000 n Your article was successfully shared with the contacts you provided. <>/Metadata 351 0 R/ViewerPreferences 352 0 R>> If you have become aware of an ongoing Child Protective Services (CPS) investigation after your neighbor or any other concerned person called CPS, you may be unsure about what happens next.. 0000052260 00000 n Child Neglect and Abuse: How Does It Affect Child Removal? Because of . Should it become necessary for CPS to remove a child due to child protective reasons, and the child or family member are presenting symptoms of COVID19, CPS must contact law enforcement by calling 911 to seek assistance with the removal. 0000477976 00000 n What If the Child Has Been Removed from Home by the Police or by an Agency? LexisNexis and Bloomberg Law customers are able to access and use ALM's content, including content from the National Law Journal, The American Lawyer, Legaltech News, The New York Law Journal, and Corporate Counsel, as well as other sources of legal information. Child neglect petitions charge that the parent or guardian of a child has harmed the child, failed to properly care for the child by providing inadequate education or medical care, abandoned the child, or otherwise failed to exercise a minimum degree of care for the child. Lawyering for a Better Tomorrow: The New York City Law Department Tackles Climate Change, Pay Frequency Litigation Under the New York Labor Law, Respect for Democracy and Citizenship Must Be Instilled Early, Law Firm Leadership's Guide to Strategic Implementation of GPT-4, Law.com Editors and Analysts Offer Top Trends to Watch for 2023, State of the Industry: What a Difference a Year Makes, Consulting Women Leaders in Technology 2023, COMMERCIAL FINANCE ATTORNEY - CT OFFICES; REMOTE will be considered. 0000475450 00000 n There are no filing fees in Family Court. Terms of Use | Reports are prepared to help the judge decide how best to protect the child. Some research has found, however, that implicit bias training alone may not always be successful in correcting implicit bias.3,4,5 Alternatively, there is preliminary evidence that blinding, or removing information that would activate implicit bias, along with continued training and coaching for staff, may be a technical strategy that can have an impact on racial inequities and disproportionality at a specific point along the child welfare continuum.6 Further statistical tests and a comparison group analysis are essential for determining if Blind Removals can be associated with a significant decrease in removals. 0000465367 00000 n 0000479717 00000 n Contact Us| 0000000016 00000 n You are in this section of the site: Child Protective Services. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Receive periodic email from Casey Family Programs. This website is not intended to be used by or relied upon by employers or by anyone outside of the state of California. 0000478142 00000 n 0000465803 00000 n Many decisions to remove a child from his or her caretaker are easily made. [$i hag"t\cBWOyH !%net0'(k ]P`bGY|*WSzRo.-? pursuant to law arising from abuse or neglect of a child in residential care and such failure results in Why should we bring a racial equity lens to our work with children and families? 0000479296 00000 n Neglect occurs if there is a lack of proper parenting and care to the point where it puts the child in danger physically, mentally, or emotionally. Child physical abuse occurs when a parent or caretaker inflicts or allows . Through this act, states are given funding and guidance on implementing child protective services within their state. Family Medicine, 51(8): 677- 681. application of article 263 does not apply to child abuse and neglect proceedings in the Family Court; CPS will thoroughly investigate all reports, so taking extra precautions and documenting any suspicious behavior may benefit the childs well-being. If you believe that a child is in immediate danger, x+dW. U0hz 0000475174 00000 n 0000007339 00000 n 0000468586 00000 n Data source: Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) data, made available by the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect Data (NDACAN), An examination of the history of child welfare policy and practice indicates that racial disparities within the child protection system can be attributed to longstanding institutionalized racism and discrimination toward families of color. 0000442528 00000 n Contact Us | Privacy Policy. 0000477054 00000 n 0000479201 00000 n endstream endobj startxref 0000474306 00000 n We will not share your information. 0000480651 00000 n endstream endobj 417 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[63 11]/Length 20/Size 74/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream 0000473815 00000 n 0000029751 00000 n 0000478740 00000 n LDSS-2221A is available in the following languages: The official translation service for this site now is available under the "Translate" button on the title bar. 0000470560 00000 n Obtaining or submitting information through this website does not create an attorney-client and/or confidential relationship. for the childs care of the right to apply to the Family Court for the return of the child and of the right Data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System analyzed by Casey Family Programs staff, August 2020. 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These changes will significantly impact the reporting, investigating, assessment, prosecution, and judicial handling of child abuse and neglect cases. 0000469828 00000 n 0000470318 00000 n 0000478206 00000 n legally responsible for the childs care loses self-control of his or her actions; or by any other acts of a similarly 0000473525 00000 n 9DYx$f .q**5_`$Ql~n ;KY#)V>=EZ\jg.Yc_PV'zsc23.S L*{g.Ny 6.Qu@ -lfc3AK_`&A)dWhOe@bpmPfF/b"`!2OR>AD!PXj- }'rM9oTR 0000036974 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n These staff are asked to refrain from participating in removal decisions, however. of the penal law (Promoting Prostitution in the third,second,and first degree respectively); commits If a report has been made to CPS, the agency's caseworker will make an unannounced visit to your home within 48 hours. 0000475850 00000 n A case study in public child welfare: County-level practices that address racial disparity in foster care placement. 0000477538 00000 n $9( (wBR2b LmUlN3Jd6 *%v3pi|G]:!+7&dxY_Nty2@&PmW?I053u;AIsavhmhZZPR0-:@b`. to be inflicted harm or ubstantial risk of harm including the infliction of excessive corporal punishment; or 0000479593 00000 n 0000466698 00000 n In response to the troubling data, child welfare staff in Nassau County decided to focus the grant on the removal of children. The 147-page report, "'If I Wasn't Poor, I Wouldn't Be Unfit': The Family Separation Crisis in the US Child Welfare System," documents how conditions of poverty, such as a family's . The toolkit offers a valuable guide to ensure ongoing model fidelity, and Nassau County plans to continue to monitor and assess the application of blind removals to achieve the best outcomes for children and families. 0000477000 00000 n Home How Do I Call In a Report? 0000122492 00000 n Have their case investigated and substantiated. waoEuqA?.*SIUd gzeCd(vBo/|RCiEuW?2Fp3-GOl=Ke"bf&A \4B}8K=F` l@1nUf*r@HO}S,m3?vePn)(;V3}x NF[;XK|ZY&M~`*V>rZ8v5'n Brn+k kKjF5+0%,Wh#,Kl~X*4If^%u>",(8R*39~skxpXA8 D=|04H&fP l='\@EkIJ~G*|UjN. 0000474089 00000 n 0000459728 00000 n In some cases, the court orders an evaluation by the Mental Health Services. call 911 or your local police department. As this data doesnt necessarily distinguish between those that received a Blind Removal meeting and those that didnt (although Nassau County indicates that 70-90% of children considered for removal receive a Blind Removal meeting), further analysis will be helpful to clarify how the blinding process may have impacted the reduction specifically. Terms of Service. New York Question Answer Who is required to report? 0000019905 00000 n 0000469896 00000 n Have unbiased decision-making in the removal process while still maintaining child safety and reducing risk of harm. 0000474199 00000 n 0000468655 00000 n https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2021/06/29/child-protective-services-supervisors-are-targets-in-child-removal-lawsuits/. 0000479498 00000 n 0000018480 00000 n 0000063055 00000 n 0000470160 00000 n In some cases, other close relatives of the child may also appear in court. Child removal typically requires a court order in New York. 0000470191 00000 n 0000009730 00000 n How Do I Recognize Child Abuse and Neglect? Blind removal toolkit. New York legislature established the New York State Child Protective Services Act of 1973 to organize an institution where case workers thoroughly investigate child abuse and neglect reports. % 0000476707 00000 n 0000079970 00000 n Parents Anonymous and other self-help groups; inflicts or allows to be inflicted upon a child physical injury by other than accidental means which 0000014532 00000 n endstream endobj 490 0 obj <. 0000472663 00000 n The CPS supervisor is the senior partner in the decision to have a child remain or be removed from its home. 0000466492 00000 n 0000017162 00000 n 0000006571 00000 n 0000475976 00000 n What Happens after the Fact-finding Hearing? 0000476124 00000 n Don't miss the crucial news and insights you need to make informed legal decisions. physical health, or loss or impairment of the function of any organ where such result was reasonably 0000468854 00000 n physical injury, excluding minor injury, or serious emotional injury or the risk thereof; or. 0000476947 00000 n 0000473463 00000 n Continuum of Families Needing Primary and Secondary Prevention Services, How Big a Problem is Child Abuse in Monroe County? 0000474582 00000 n Child Protective Services CPS Home Concerned Citizen's Guide to Reporting Suspected Child Abuse and Maltreatment Child Protective Services Manual Child Protective Services FAQ Definitions of Child Abuse and Maltreatment Mandated Reporter Training SCR Online Clearance System Resources Signs of Child Abuse or Maltreatment Shaken Baby Syndrome 0000468017 00000 n Defense attorneys see waves of discretionary decisions that had to be made. 0000008280 00000 n 0000471324 00000 n 0000019288 00000 n LexisNexis and Bloomberg Law are third party online distributors of the broad collection of current and archived versions of ALM's legal news publications. especially in dangerous activities or for long periods, unattended physical problems or medical needs, constant fatigue, listlessness, falling asleep in class, habit disorders (sucking, biting, rocking, etc. 0000472342 00000 n 0000002165 00000 n 9 Data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System analyzed by Casey Family Programs staff, August 2020. 0000122529 00000 n How Is Family Court Involved? 0000008531 00000 n On closer examination, staff recognized both the need to ensure model fidelity and create a foundation for real and sustainable culture change to eliminate bias. 0000121832 00000 n Is alternative response equitably provided to families of color with low-income status? This means they don't want the child to be separated from their parents unless it's absolutely necessary. This is perfect for attorneys licensed in multiple jurisdictions or for attorneys that have fulfilled their CLE requirement but need to access resourceful information for their practice areas. 0000475064 00000 n Journal of Public Child Welfare, 13(1), 35-59. If one suspects a case of child abuse around them, they may report it to CPS NY at 1-800-342-3720. 0000014960 00000 n 0000477419 00000 n 0000466913 00000 n 0000467011 00000 n Cruelty to Children, designated employees of city or county department of social services, and 0000478517 00000 n All rights reserved. Other mandated reporters are listed in the Summary Guide for Mandated Reporters. 0000013803 00000 n 0000036067 00000 n Customer Service| 0000476738 00000 n How Well is the Child Abuse Reporting System Working in Monroe County? One may also call 311 for help finding nearby counseling, family, and preventative services. 0000470870 00000 n 0000479327 00000 n However, limited information has been available to child welfare workers, judges, and attorneys on the utility of drug testing and how 0000022081 00000 n At the fact-finding hearing, the child-protective agency may present hospital and agency records, photographs and other evidence of neglect or abuse, and may produce witnesses. 6 Pryce, J., Lee, W., Crowe, E., Park, D., McCarthy, M., & Owens, G. (2018). 0000469247 00000 n The plaintiffs attorney sees red flags everywhere. 0000474644 00000 n They also aim to provide services that prevent family separations in some instances. What Criteria Must Be Met? At state and local levels, these persistent disparities may be even more pronounced. Children and Youth Services Review, 37, 15-27. The respondents have the right to cross-examine the witnesses and challenge the evidence produced in court, and to present their own witnesses and evidence. Working definitions of sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, Bivona Child Advocacy Center Virtual Child Abuse Summit. 0000001674 00000 n 0000015373 00000 n The number for each is the shortcut key. The committee then makes a recommendation about whether the child should be removed from the home. Therefore, it is recommended that one retain legal counsel if they fear they are at risk of child removal. there is not enough time to file a case in Family Court. However, child removal cases typically involve only the CPS office of the state one resides within. Candidates must have general We are seeking an attorney to join our commercial finance practice in either our Stamford, Hartford or New Haven offices. Nassau County is committed to ongoing improvement, and to reducing disparities for children of color within the child welfare system. 0000478771 00000 n What Happens at the Dispositional Hearing. A child may be placed in foster care for a period of up to one year. Additionally, the commissioner, directors, supervisors, and caseworkers from Nassau County reported that the blind removal process and related trainings have increased staff awareness of institutionalized racism and implicit bias, and reinforced the values of self-examination and cultural diversity. 0000478391 00000 n ACS is required by law to send notice and a sworn permanency hearing report, 14 days prior to the hearing, to the parties and their attorneys , Attorney for Child, agency, relatives caring for the child and pre-adoptive parents. 0000474467 00000 n 0000471214 00000 n 520 0 obj <>stream All cases of children placed out of their homes must remain on the family courts calendar until permanency has been achieved. If you were not home at the time of the inspection, a CPS caseworker will leave a notice of removal on your door. 0000469309 00000 n 0000472108 00000 n Possible dispositions include: releasing the child to the parents or guardian, on the condition that they not commit further neglectful or abusive acts; or, releasing the child to the parents or guardian, with supervision and services provided by child-protective agencies; or, placing the child in foster care for a period of time, while services are provided to the parents to allow for a possible return of the child at a future date; or, final order of protection (may be until childs 18th birthday); or. to safeguard and ensure the childs well-being and development and to preserve and stabilize family The development of the toolkit and the lessons learned from implementation in Nassau County will be paramount in successfully implementing this strategy in counties across the state. 0000477881 00000 n Not a Bloomberg Law Subscriber?Subscribe Now. Paul Chill wrote an excellent article, Burden of Proof Begone: The Pernicious Effect of Removal in Child Protective Services, for the . Keep in mind that juvenile dependency cases are very serious. A case study in public child welfare: County-level practices that address racial disparity in foster care placement. 0000467732 00000 n Attempt to resolve the danger through alternative measures. 0000468431 00000 n If you want to get the CPS case closed, its best to do all you can before the case goes to a juvenile court. Copyright 2023, Casey Family Programs. 0000475010 00000 n cps guidelines for child removal new york; erie county family court custody petition; emergency custody petition ny; family court application forms; petition for modification of custody ny; petition to terminate child support ny; And the entire New York Law School Safe Passage Clinic. 0000467067 00000 n 0000464294 00000 n Child welfare workers use test results to make informed decisions regarding child removal, family support services, family reunification, or termination of parental rights. Privacy Policy | 0000475560 00000 n How Can I Help Prevent Child Abuse Before it Happens? 0000103764 00000 n Offices for Child Protective Services exist in all counties of New York as well as other states. repeatedly misused a drug (or drugs) or an alcoholic beverage (or beverages) to the extent that he or she loses 0000473925 00000 n made, the right of the parent or other person legally responsible for the childs care to be present at name and address of the childs parents, or other persons legally responsible for the child, if known; the nature and extent of the child s injuries (or, as the case may be, the childs siblings), abuse,or 8 Crowe, E., & McCarthy, M. (2020). 0000014336 00000 n However, you do need to have a reasonable suspicion. 0000471434 00000 n In the case of child removal in California, CPS first receives a report or referral from someone concerned about the welfare of children in a home. The court holds a "fact-finding hearing" to decide whether the child has been neglected or abused and a "dispositional hearing" to decide what should be done if the court finds that the child has been neglected or abused. 0000472449 00000 n and the time that the application will be made, the address of the court where the application will be 0000063156 00000 n Child Abuse. With this subscription you will receive unlimited access to high quality, online, on-demand premium content from well-respected faculty in the legal industry. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Dr. Joia Crear-Perry explores issues of race, maternal and child health disparities, and how we can address bias in our work with families. About Us| 0000469986 00000 n 0000473215 00000 n Mandated reporters may request the address of the investigative district from the SCRs child protective specialist at the time of the oral report to the SCR. 0000465253 00000 n 1-800-638-5163 Blind removal meetings follow the same practice but with a key difference: staff de-identify the case file and present details without any mention of demographic information that may illicit implicit bias, including removing names, races, ethnicities, and addresses. The law established child protective services (CPS) in each county in New York. Use the following links to change to translated versions of this page. 0000005918 00000 n 0000479232 00000 n Has the child been harmed or impaired or is the child at imminent danger of harm or impairment? Child Abuse Hotline staff members must use the five criteria based on state law to assess each call. 0000118043 00000 n Mandated reporters must file, within 48 hours of an oral report, a signed, written report, Report of Suspected Child Abuse or Maltreatment (LDSS-2221A). Does contact with child protective services vary by race/ethnicity and county? 0000103430 00000 n 0000467394 00000 n 0000463830 00000 n submit to physical examination, self-injurious behaviors;suicide attempts, manifestations of low self-esteem; general fearfulness. Site Map, Advertise|

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