which statement describes the spanish colonization of north americast elizabeth family medicine residency utica, ny
The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press|1985. [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Religious orders had their own internal regulations and leadership. [64] Later ecclesiastics served as interim viceroys, general inspectors (visitadores), and other high posts. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. [148] Only the most valuable low bulk products would be exported. Spain also produced impressive art at this time. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. Direct link to Stephen White's post I've read that the reason, Posted 3 years ago. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. The Spaniards persuaded the leaders of Aztec vassals and Tlaxcala (a city-state never conquered by the Aztecs), to ally with them against the Aztecs. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. Among the most notable expeditions are Hernando de Soto into southeast North America, leaving from Cuba (153942); Francisco Vzquez de Coronado to northern Mexico (154042), and Gonzalo Pizarro to Amazonia, leaving from Quito, Ecuador (154142). Benedict. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. The monarchy took most of it, and the rest was spread across lords and ladies. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca was one of four survivors of that expedition, writing an account of it. Through such methods, the Spaniards came to accumulate a massive force of thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. 84-85. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. [citation needed]. A mixed-race casta population came into being during the colonial era. Best was gold, but silver was found in abundance. The Spanish royal government called its overseas possessions "The Indies" until its empire dissolved in the nineteenth century. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paran River from Asuncin, now the capital of Paraguay. [1], The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). The crown attempted to curb Spaniards' exploitation, banning Spaniards' bequeathing their private grants of indigenous communities' tribute and encomienda labor in 1542 in the New Laws. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. One was by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. [65] In addition, the Casa de Contratacin took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Central African Empir, Posted 3 years ago. [Chile] has four months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such a beautiful sunshine Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Question 1. From the Spanish viewpoint, their source of labor and viability of their own settlements was at risk. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. Terraciano, Kevin. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. They also imported cane sugar, which was a high-value crop in early Spanish America. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. [10] "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. Direct link to braydon.cook's post Who had? Borah, Woodrow. In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. how do I Define the term empire in the context of the Spanish conquest of South America? [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. There were few permanent settlements, but Spaniards settled the coastal islands of Cubagua and Margarita to exploit the pearl beds. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. [118] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux., Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America, This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 16:57. In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the Repblica de Espaoles. Spanish colonists settled in greatest numbers where there were dense indigenous populations and the existence of valuable resources for extraction. The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) in Seville. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. [73] The office of captain general involved to be the supreme military chief of the whole territory and he was responsible for recruiting and providing troops, the fortification of the territory, the supply and the shipbuilding. [38], Much of what is now the Southern United States was claimed by Spain, some of it at least explored by the Spanish starting in the early 1500s, and some permanent settlements established. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. So did the Caste System decide who got certain rights and places of power or was it merely a way of categorizing the people? New foods greatly benefitted Europeans, whose population increased, while infectious diseases . The Kingdom of Portugal authorized a series of voyages down the coast of Africa and when they rounded the southern tip, were able to sail to India and further east. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. The lack of Gold and the Natives' sophistication. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. Portugal's claim to part of South America under the Treaty of Tordesillas resulted in the creation of Portuguese colony of Brazil. Their role in judicial affairs and in overseeing the implementation of royal legislation made their decisions important for the communities they served." Pope Alexander VI in a 4 May 1493 papal decree, Inter caetera, divided rights to lands in the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal on the proviso that they spread Christianity. [154][155] A 1995 Bolivian-made film is in some ways similar to Even the Rain is To Hear the Birds Singing, with a modern film crew going to an indigenous settlement to shoot a film about the Spanish conquest and end up replicating aspects of the conquest. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. The Spanish founded San Sebastin de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. Conquistadores and Spanish colonization. - The Pueblo Revolt occurs in 1680. The empire was formed by and under the command of Marshal Jean-Bdel Bokassa, military dictator and president of the Central African Republic, on 4 December 1976. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. The cabildo was composed of the prominent residents (vecinos) of the municipality, so that governance was restricted to a male elite, with majority of the population exercising power. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . The introduction of sheep production was an ecological disaster in places where they were raised in great numbers, since they ate vegetation to the ground, preventing the regeneration of plants. Illness played a much greater role in the citys downfall than violence. How do we know that? pp 9, Warren, J. Benedict. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the locations where slaves were most frequently sent after being transported to the New World on the Middle Passage., Identify the issue that was not a point of contention between colonial assemblies and their respective royal governors., On the table below, click or tap to identify the first colony to have a black . [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. Direct link to d042's post how do I Define the term , Posted 3 years ago. The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: udzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. I think the Span, Posted 2 years ago. Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. Direct link to skyler karrick's post i think those dresses loo. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcalda mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. Preview this quiz on Quizizz. European colonization of North America expanded through Spanish colonists establishing themselves in present-day Florida in the 1500s and English colonists doing so farther up the East Coast in the 1600s. The crown asserted is authority and sovereignty of the territory and vassals it claimed, collected taxes, maintained public order, meted out justice, and established policies for governance of large indigenous populations. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. [13] Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women.