conditions in which authoritarian states emerged

The Fascists, led by Mussolini, formed a street-fighting group called the Blackshirts to support the landowners. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. This created famine conditions. - What solutions were implemented? [2010] 17. . (May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. But deep-seated attitudes about racial hierarchy played out during the conflict. This is a list of key notes that you can use in paper 2 as the most important factors that need to be studied as recommended by the History guide. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Expositiona worlds fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. 83 - How did Castro deal with Lanz + Urrutria, and how did this reflect on him as leader? 'The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by. - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions. The term "totalitarian" is even credited to, Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. In late March, as case rates and fatalities soared across Europe, President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus dismissed a reporters concerns about the spread of the virus in his own country: There are no viruses here. 1. Angry at the growing resistance, Japanese troops killed as many as 300,000 civilians. How successful were they? The French foreign ministry said Lu would be given a stern rebuke, Germany said Beijing must clarify its stance, and the Czech foreign minister, Jan Lipavsk, described the remarks as totally unacceptable. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. All nations have an official type of government as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. In lieu of claiming that the coronavirus was invisible and therefore not present, quite a few authoritarian leaders have made themselves invisible instead. New ideas introduced in politics. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. We draw on over a decade of fieldwork in the Salween River Basin where dams and diversions have been proposed since 1979, including the most recent iteration, the Yuam . Since the end of the Cold War, the proportion of authoritarian states in the world has been on the decline. High inflation and unemployment. - Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion, the role of leaders, ideology, the use of force, propaganda. They believed victory on the battlefield abroad would bring back the glory of ancient Rome and show the world Italy was a real player in the "game of empire." To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government characterized by a strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. He was offered a deal just as the Nazis started to lose votes. Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. Will the Invasion of Ukraine Change Russia-Africa Relations? Germanys territory was reduced by 13%. How long, and how many casualties did it take for the Fascists to defeat the Socialists? And indeed, rising instability, aggression, racism, and fear triggered the eruption of the Second World War. 'Hitler and his party would never have come to power without the severe economic and political crisis that engulfed Germany from 1929 onwards' - Overy. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. Authoritarian states present a broad and serious challenge to liberal democracies and to the liberal world order. The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said he also disagreed with Lus comments. Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. 100. How successful was it? Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. 3. - DAMAGEdamages relationship with France and Britain The fighting nourished the Fascists belief in violence as the true path to manhood. To many, including 30-year old former army corporal Adolf Hitler, it seemed the country had been stabbed in the backbetrayed by subversives at home and by the government who accepted the armistice. This is not war, one wounded soldier wrote home. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union dont have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement confirming their status as sovereign nations, he said. - Had to go to war way quicker than was prepared to due to Hitler's orders--> many peasants were conscripted to army UNHAPPY ITALIANS It's obvious to usnowthat the rise of authoritarianism, including fascism, was paving the way for leaders in many countries to command the obedience of whole populations, even when these leaders began to order the killing of civilians. Furthermore, Mussolini brought discipline to the party and aligned it more uniformly with the aims of the state. However, their solution was "Italianization." Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. We have won power in Germany. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. After local resistance was crushed, Mussolini's regime established a tight grip over the region. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW How were German and Italian justifications for expansion similar? The Hitler Youth in Germany, for example, had much in common with Mussolini's youth associations. Much like Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin used violence and propaganda to maintain order and power. The NSDAP, after becoming reallowed as a political party in 1925, changed their focus and used the democratic system of the Weimar Republic to gain power. Organized into collective action by the state, young people supplied political energy to Fascism in Italy and elsewhere. This document contains: The emergence of authoritarian states: Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: Economic factors. leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader. Although Chinese citizens mobilized to respond to the pandemic by using social media to procure scarce protective gear or find open hospital beds, the Chinese Communist Partys long-standing distrust of civil society has hindered potential collaboration between government officials and volunteers. Behind the popular but simplistic notion that authoritarianism is rising globally lies the fact that the global wave of antigovernment protests over the past ten yearsan historic high in protests around the worldhas hit many nondemocratic regimes hard. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) The government responded inadequately, and blamed the situation on. Standards of behavior were changing. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. Germany has awakened! . Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. In Russia, for example, Putin devolved pandemic decisionmaking to regional officials more accustomed to executing his orders than responding to local citizens concerns. In Turkey, last months lifting of many restrictions saw a spike in cases, but Erdoan refrained from reimposing another lockdown, fearful of the economic damage it would cause. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. How consistent was this with Castro's overall vision for Cuban society? In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? Public domain. He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. The major conditions that led to an authoritarian state were treaties that were signed in the 20 th century. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. Paris, 1900. Asked if China stood behind the envoys remarks, the foreign ministrys spokesperson Mao Ning said China had been one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with former Soviet states. However, he was not a, A poor harvest in 1931-32 was made worse by Soviet economic policies. Crime was on the rise. Troops left the bloody battlefields and returned to a bewildering society. It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain, Adolf Hitler later wrote. The Fascists soon followed up with assaults throughout the region. China downgraded diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressured multinationals to sever links with it in December 2021 after the Baltic nation, which has long favoured a hard EU line on Beijing, allowed Taiwan to open a de facto embassy in Vilnius. The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. Asked about his position on whether Crimea was part of Ukraine or not, Lu said in a French TV interview on Friday that historically it was part of Russia and had been offered to Ukraine by the former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. In some ways, their actions were like experiments, pushing the boundaries of authoritarian rule to see what they could get away with. Taking advantage of new modes and media that emerged in the early twentieth century, these . One-party rule seemed beyond their grasp. For the first time, women were working outside the home in large numbers, and the new constitution gave women the right to vote. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, - ABYSSINIA: Italy decides to invade Abyssinia (won and took steps towards rebuilding roman empire) Beijing on Monday sought to defuse the row. Antisemitism (discrimination against Jews) defined Nazism in Germany, but that was not exactly the case with Italian Fascism, at least before 1938. To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . -Must give jobs to men For instance, the Versailles treaty of Germany after the first world war led to resistance as some political powers felt humiliated by the agreements that were to be signed by the parties. 100. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. In Turkey, where mayors in Istanbul and Ankara affiliated with the opposition party have won praise among their constituents for their responses to the pandemic, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has actively tried to undermine them whenever possibleannouncing weekend curfews on short notice to leave the opposition mayors flat-footed, canceling charity fundraisers that the mayors organized, and shutting down opposition-run food kitchenseven at the cost of weakening the countrys broader response to the pandemic. There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What The unstable authoritarian pathway that so many states followed after colonial rule was . First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. Crime was on the rise. - Outline Castro's health and education policies. The EUs top diplomat, Josep Borrell, said the bloc would reassess and recalibrate our strategy towards China, adding that foreign ministers would discuss Lus statements as part of planned EU talks on China on Monday. Though this massacre was never acknowledged, some Japanese leaders privately justified it as necessary to "pacify" ("make peaceful") the Chinese population, whom they saw as members of an inferior nation. Numerous nondemocracies, from Russia and Iran to Venezuela and Togo, have been rocked by significant protests. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. From this year onward, Italy moved closer and closer to the Nazi position. economic factors'. Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. -Massive public spending reduced unemployment. In Weimar Germany they thrived' - Condon Due to the forced signing of the treaty, there . After initial success in containing the virus, Singapore was struck by subsequent outbreaks among its population of migrant workers. Charismatic appeal rather than successful domestic policies enabled single-party leaders to maintain power. With reference to Mao, to what extent do you agree with this statement? Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. The Fascists craved revolution and total power, but instead found they had to cooperate with different, mostly conservative political parties. It was a cataclysm that darkened the worlds view of humanity and its future. Thousands of Germans waited in lines for work and food in the early 1920s. States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors. Some in this boat have reacted by prematurely lifting initially tough lockdown measures. That meant they could hinder the Fascist agenda, if they wanted. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. 1.) A second weakness of many authoritarian regimes in confronting the coronavirus is their suspicion or outright hostility toward independent voices and civil society. If two examples are required these will need to be from different regions. Discuss with refto two authoritarian states. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. The president of Burundi assured his citizens that divine protection would suffice against the virus, while Venezuelas president trafficked in farfetched conspiracy theories and promoted on social media the use of herbal concoctions to treat the virus. The conservative politicians in the new Cabinet didnt like or trust Hitler, but they liked democracy even less, and they saw the leftist parties as a bigger threat. This fascination with some of the darkest aspects of our shared past has meant that there is a huge wealth of material written about . Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. These failings are likely to have negative long-term consequences for these regimes. of three authoritarian states should be studied. They did not use race. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. (May 2009, TZ1), To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims? Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. Sexual norms were in flux. Battle for Land: Success (decreased unemployment because people had to drain swamps and plough land) Angry, aggrieved citizens are not a solid foundation for regime durability. So was the number of parties and splinter groups vying for votes. HItler a Career" by Joachim Fest - the preview: Create your own unique website with customizable templates. It is hollowing out democratic institutions and enhancing the tools of repression in developing countries. In this way, militarism and imperialism broadened Fascism's appeal. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. But Beijing is nonetheless working to amplify authoritarianism around the world. Hitler proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people. Evaluate the treatment of religious groups and minorities in two authoritarian states, each chosen from a different region. It may be all, some, or none: Photo of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini walking besides decorated members of the Italian military. Adolf Hitler. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union "don't have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement . Crises states are induced by: War, including the aftermath of war. In this way, the imperialist thinking drove Italian policy in more radical directions. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Read and make notes on: (red - conditions; weaknesses of others;black - methods, tactics used by Castro), 63-4 - 1940s Batista's Cuba + Autentico Presidencies. 82 - How did Castro establish his government, and what challenges arose? These decisions affected political officials, army members, peasants, ethnic minorities, artists, scientists, intellectuals, foreigners, and ordinary Soviet citizens. These uniforms consist of dark pants, black button up shirts, black hats, and white sashes that criss-cross over the boys bodies. In 1938 Mussolini published a "Manifesto of Fascist Racism." Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. This unique book weaves together literary works, . The German banking system collapsed, and by 1930 unemployment skyrocketed to 22%. INTRODUCTION. They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. The de-regulation of financial capital threatens to bring us back to capitalist authoritarianism that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. The German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned this year that there is a "worldwide fascination with authoritarianism".. Rightwing propaganda and demonstrations played on fears of a Communist revolution spreading from the Soviet Union. In 1923, he was imprisoned for trying to overthrow the government. (Nov 10)), Analyse the circumstances that helpedoneright-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. David Wong was a 20192020 James C. Gaither Junior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and is currently working on a digital start-up. There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. How was authoritarianism implemented in Italy? Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. Lu Shaye, Chinas ambassador to France, said independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union lacked actual status in international law. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, in China. Weimar Republic: -Unpopular economic policies. A devastating biological virus has translated into a damaging political virus that has markedly eroded the overall state of freedom in the world in just six months. Historical examples of such centralized totalitarian rule include the Mauryan dynasty of India (c. 321-c. 185 bce ), the Qin dynasty of China (221 . "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Those that have done well may gain enhanced domestic popularity and credibility for their competence, thus reinforcing their hold on power. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. Stalin and his supporters identified their enemies in political and social ways. Standards of behavior were changing. Separately, Chinas envoy to the EU, Fu Cong, said in an interview published on Monday that Beijings cooperation with Europe and other nations was endless, just as its ties with Russia were unlimited. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. (Nov 06), To what extent was the rise to power of either Hitler or Mao due to personal appeal and ability? Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. NARRATOR: I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. NARRATOR: The pandemic has provided a trigger or opportunity for numerous nondemocratic or illiberal governments to impose new restrictions on civil liberties, persecute opponents, limit protests, delay elections, and introduce new mass surveillance techniques. - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Four key weaknesses are manifest. The fighting in northern Italy had shaped the Fascist movement in four ways: By 1922, with these experiences behind them, Mussolini and his followers liked their chances of taking over Italy. This policy extended not only to sexual relations and marriage, but to any kind of social relationship at all. But they are a minority in the authoritarian camp, and regimes with relatively successful pandemic responses are not guaranteed to reap political benefits from their actions. Infighting among elites also has emerged: when the mayor of Moscow took initiative in response to the virus and ordered people to stay home, users on Telegraman app that permits citizens to share information and anonymously criticize each otherlambasted him. By censuring Li instead of acting on his alerts, local authorities may have facilitated the coronaviruss unchecked spread; consequently, Lis death from the virus in early February sparked an outpouring of anger and grief on Chinese social media. 97. But the Nazis never received more than 38% of the vote in a free national election. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. authoritarianism, in politics and government, the blind submission to authority and the repression of individual freedom of thought and action. How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. -November criminals - stabbed in the back. The emergence of authoritarian states is a fascinating way of exploring the History Rising Big Question on Perspectives. Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. Why were some Italian Fascists unhappy with Mussolinis early years in power? Check your email for details on your request. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? 80-81 - What threat did the US pose to this 'new' Cuba? The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. Many other Japanese citizens, however, embraced the cause of nationalism and military expansion. Fascist squads racked up wins as they marched through the provinces crushing socialists, intimidating liberals, and deposing agents of the state. Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . Some burned it for fuel. Authoritarian regimes are systems of government that have no established mechanism for the transfer of executive power and do not afford their citizens civil liberties or political rights. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? Historical Conditions. 2. Gagauzias Election Could Help Russia Destabilize Moldova. We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. 94 - How Communist was Castro? Early success in the Po Valley. (May 2008, TZ2), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state. -Lateran Treaty: gov recognized papal sovereignty over vatican ( became independent state) POPE recognized italian state According to . Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program! In a tightly controlled referendum on Sunday, Uzbeks voted on changes that would extend presidential terms from five to seven years and allow Mirziyoyev to serve two more terms. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. In 1949-58, 75% of all imports came from the USA; 65% of all exports went to the USA. demonstrates how local conditions are often unsuited to the ideal type of civil society as delineated in Western values, for instance in cases where numerous political, . These tactics worked at a time when communists felt threatened by both fascists and capitalist democracies in Europe. The state decided who was an enemy quickly, arbitrarily (randomly), and irreversibly. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one . Following a series of planned demonstrations known as the March on Rome, Mussolini was named Prime Minister by the King of Italy. Moreover, among democracies, those with leaders who have strong illiberal tendencies, like U.S. President Donald Trump and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, have done the worst in responding to the pandemic. In January 1933, when the old war hero, President Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the Nazis could hardly believe their luck. This report sets out six types of authoritarian challenges: military threats, such as annexation of territory, hybrid warfare and assertive behaviour; coercion, through political and economic efforts to intimidate and cajole; 95 - Outline why the Rectification Campaign of 1986 was launched, and what were the results'. Estonias foreign minister, Margus Tsahkna, said he was seeking to find out why China has such a position or comments about the Baltic states. He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas in a book,Mein KampfMy Struggle. Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. Aims and results of policies: social, economic, political, cultural.

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