coastal plain industries

9: Oceans, KM 3).234,235,236 Many species are sensitive to small changes in ocean temperature; hence, the distribution and abundance of marine organisms are expected to be greatly altered by increasing ocean temperatures. 10: Ag & Rural, KM 3). The Port of Jacksonville provides raw material for industries, food, clothes, and essential goods to Puerto Rico, thus impacting the U.S. Caribbean region, as well (Ch. Urban Climate Change Research Network, Columbia University, New York. Census Bureau, 2017: Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) [web site]. Some figures and images are copyright protected. 4 North Carolina Broadband Infrastructure Office. Manzello, D. P., 2015: Rapid recent warming of coral reefs in the Florida Keys. The size of a business operation and the markets it can sell to impact its effectiveness and efficiency. Flooding events are highly variable in both space and time. Wide variety of patterns & colors, in plank flooring & floor tiles. Drought Indexes. Coral reefs are biologically diverse ecosystems that provide many societal benefits, including coastal protection from waves, habitat for fish, and recreational and tourism opportunities.238,239 However, coral reef mortality in the Florida Keys and across the globe has been very high in recent decades, due in part to warming ocean temperatures, nutrient enrichment, overfishing, and coastal development.240,241,242,243,244 Small increases in ocean temperature can cause corals to expel the symbiotic algae upon which they depend for nourishment. Easterling, K.E. WebCoastal Plain (Tidewater) Region - Products: Tobacco products, informational technology - Industries: Federal and state government, farming, horse industry Piedmont Region - Products: Apples - Industries: Recreation, farming Blue Ridge Mountains - Products: Poultry, apples, dairy, beef - Industries: Farming Valley and Ridge Region SSRN, 64 pp. Jurjonas, M., and E. Seekamp, 2018: Rural coastal community resilience: Assessing a framework in eastern North Carolina. Houghton, A., J. Austin, A. Beerman, and C. Horton, 2017: An approach to developing local climate change environmental public health indicators in a rural district. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, 61 pp. WebProducts of the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region: Seafood: Valley and Ridge's industry: Farming: Appalachian Plateau's major industry: Coal mining: Blue Ridge region's Rising sea levels and potential changes in hurricane intensity are aspects of climate change that are expected to have a tremendous effect on coastal ecosystems in the Southeast (Ch. 14: Human Health, KM 1). EPA 800-Q-15-004. EcoAdapt, Bainbridge Island, WA, 214 pp. 2018. WebThe Southeasts coastal plain and inland low-lying regions support a rapidly growing population, a tourism economy, critical industries, and important cultural resources that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. A town can implement zoning policies that encourage manufacturing firms to locate there. The heavy rainfall was noted even in Alabama, at 5 inches, and near 6 inches in the mountains of western North Carolina.100 Twenty-five tornadoes were confirmed from Hurricane Irma, and many of them occurred along the east coast of central and northern Florida.100 Even as Irma headed north, continuing to lose force, there were still 6.7 million people without electricity.109, According to NCEI,84 the U.S. direct cost from Hurricane Irma is approximately $50 billion (in 2017 dollars), and the non-U.S. territory Caribbean Islands could add another $10$15 billion to that total. Another abundant natural resource that the Coastal Plains contains is rocks and sediments that get washed up along the many rivers and streams, which are used to make cement, roads, and clay. Some of the major industriies are the Timber Industry, Petrochemical Industry and the Petroleum Figure 2. Traditionally their economies are resource-based, dependent on harvesting or extracting natural resources with little or no processing. Drought and extreme heat can result in tree mortality and transform southeastern forested ecosystems.217,218,219,220,221,222,223 Drought can also affect aquatic and wetland ecosystems.224,225,226,227,228,229,232 Extreme rainfall events are also expected to become more frequent and severe in the future. In the Southeast, poor air quality can result from emissions (mostly from vehicles and power plants), wildfires, and allergens such as pollen. There is high confidence that climate change (e.g., rising temperatures, changing fire regimes, rising sea levels, and more extreme rainfall and drought) will very likely affect agricultural and forest products industries, potentially resulting in economic impacts. Douglas, E., J. Jacobs, K. Hayhoe, L. Silka, J. Daniel, M. Collins, A. Alipour, B. Anderson, C. Hebson, E. Mecray, R. Mallick, Q. Zou, P. Kirshen, H. Miller, J. Kartez, L. Friess, A. Stoner, E. Bell, C. Schwartz, N. Thomas, S. Miller, B. Eckstrom, and C. Wake, 2017: Progress and challenges in incorporating climate change information into transportation research and design. Interviewees also identified low-income and minority communities, substandard housing, lack of access to vehicles for evacuation, limited modes of communication, and limited local government capacity as contributing factors to difficulties in emergency planning.288, The healthcare system in the Southeast is already overburdened and may be further stressed by climate change. As sea levels have risen locally in the last one hundred years, the storm water systems in these areas are no longer able to perform as designed. Osland, M. J., R. H. Day, C. T. Hall, M. D. Brumfield, J. L. Dugas, and W. R. Jones, 2017: Mangrove expansion and contraction at a poleward range limit: Climate extremes and land-ocean temperature gradients. South Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (SFRCCC), Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach Counties, FL. City of Charleston, 2015: Sea level rise strategy. Extreme drought events are expected to become more frequent and severe. Charleston experienced all-time record high tide flood occurrences in 2015 (38 days) and 2016 (50 days).52,58 By 2045, Charleston is projected to experience up to 180 high tide flood events a year.1 The City of Charleston estimated that each flood event that affects the crosstown costs $12.4 million (in 2009 dollars). ), disagreement or lack of opinions among experts. doi: Cavanaugh, K. C., J. D. Parker, S. C. Cook-Patton, I. C. Feller, A. P. Williams, and J. R. Kellner, 2015: Integrating physiological threshold experiments with climate modeling to project mangrove species' range expansion. The ecosystems of the Mississippi River Delta provide at least $12$47 billion (in 2017 dollars) in benefits to people each year.155 These benefits include hurricane storm protection, water supply, furs, habitat, climate stability, and waste treatment. Williams, J. W., and S. T. Jackson, 2007: Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecological surprises. Between 2010 and 2016, more rural hospitals closed in the Southeast than any other region, with Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee being among the top five states for hospital closures.289 This strain, when combined with negative health impacts from climate change stressors (such as additional patient demand due to extreme heat and vector-borne diseases and greater flood risk from extreme precipitation events), increases the potential for disruptions of health services in the future. A. Mendelssohn, and N. Saintilan, 2016: Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. Robinet, C., and A. Roques, 2010: Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations. B. Smith, W. Perkins, L. Jantarasami, and J. Martinich, 2015: Climate change risks to US infrastructure: Impacts on roads, bridges, coastal development, and urban drainage. Ziska, L. H., D. E. Gebhard, D. A. Frenz, S. Faulkner, B. D. Singer, and J. G. Straka, 2003: Cities as harbingers of climate change: Common ragweed, urbanization, and public health. Isle de Jean Charles, LA, accessed October 17. Drummond, M. A., and T. R. Loveland, 2010: Land-use pressure and a transition to forest-cover loss in the eastern United States. High tide coastal flooding has started to inundate these low-lying roads, restricting access during certain times of the day and causing public safety concerns. NOAA Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. B. Bolten, M. Chaloupka, V. S. Saba, C. Bellini, M. A. G. Marcovaldi, A. J. A state of emergency was declared in four states from Florida north to Virginia and in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and, for the first time ever, Atlanta was placed under a tropical storm warning.105,106,107,108 In Florida, a record 6.8 million people were ordered to evacuate, as were 540,000 coastal residents in Georgia and untold numbers in other coastal locations.102,109,110 Nearly 192,000 evacuees were housed in approximately 700 emergency shelters in Florida alone.109 According to NOAAs National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI),84 Irma significantly damaged 65% of the buildings in the Keys and destroyed 25% of them. Documenting Uncertainty: This assessment relies on two metrics to communicate the degree of In the Upper Coastal Plain, which covers the central and southwestern portions of the state, agriculture is the dominant activity. Drought has been a recurrent issue in the Southeast affecting agriculture, forestry, and water resources.253 With rapid growth in population and overall demand, drought is increasingly a concern for water resource management sectors such as cities, ecosystems, and energy production. Attaway, J. Rural communities do not develop in a vacuum. Avery, M. L., R. M. Engeman, K. L. Keacher, J. S. Humphrey, W. E. Bruce, T. C. Mathies, and R. E. Mauldin, 2010: Cold weather and the potential range of invasive Burmese pythons. McClenachan, L., G. O'Connor, B. P. Neal, J. M. Pandolfi, and J. Download this free study to determine if PK can address POMs toxicity and sustainability issues without sacrificing performance. Howard, R. J., R. H. Day, K. W. Krauss, A. S. From, L. Allain, and N. Cormier, 2017: Hydrologic restoration in a dynamic subtropical mangrove-to-marsh ecotone. These days can be added up over timea month or a yearto give a combined estimate of energy needed for heating or cooling. Deep-water ports in Morehead City and Wilmington provide rural regions with additional market access. Gabler, C. A., M. J. Osland, J. Bentz, B. J., and A. M. Jnsson, 2015: Chapter 13: Modeling bark beetle responses to climate change. Sixty-one percent of major Southeast cities are exhibiting some aspects of worsening heat waves, which is a higher percentage than any other region of the country. Wong, G. K. L., and C. Y. Jim, 2018: Abundance of urban male mosquitoes by green infrastructure types: Implications for landscape design and vector management. Jackson, S. T., R. S. Webb, K. H. Anderson, J. T. Overpeck, T. Webb III, J. W. Williams, and B. C. S. Hansen, 2000: Vegetation and environment in Eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. NWS, What Are Heating and Cooling Degree Days [web page]. 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In addition to providing habitat for fish and wildlife species, ecosystems in the Southeast provide recreational opportunities, improve water quality, provide seafood, reduce erosion, provide timber, support food webs, minimize flooding impacts, and support high rates of carbon sequestration (or storage).118,119,120 These ecological resources that people depend on for livelihoods, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk from the impacts of climate change. Sweet, W. V., and J. J. Marra, 2016: 2015 State of U.S. Nuisance Tidal Flooding. City of Atlanta, 2017: Resilient Atlanta: Actions to build a more equitable future. Seasonal warming has varied. Broadband adoption recommendations. Such changes would negatively impact the regions labor-intensive agricultural industry and compound existing social stresses in rural areas related to limited local community capabilities and associated with rural demography, occupations, earnings, literacy, and poverty incidence. Figure 1. B. | 118. Climatic conditions are currently suitable for adult mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, which can spread dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, across most of the Southeast from July through September (Figure 19.6), and cities in South Florida already have suitable conditions for year-round mosquito activity. Future temperature increases are projected to pose challenges for human health. For rural areas located near metropolitan areas, access to urban employment is an important cause of population retention and growth. If he adds one additional crew member, he wont increase his landings. In addition to plants, warmer winter air temperatures will also affect the movement and interactions between many different kinds of organisms. The goal: to restore the Rhine and Meuse systems flood plain and allow the restored natural river landscape to safely manage water flow in times of excess capacity. The composition of the rural workforce is evolving, with new demographic groups seeking out employment opportunities. Drew, 2001: Productivity and species richness across an environmental gradient in a fire-dependent ecosystem. Easterling, D. R., J. R. Arnold, T. Knutson, K. E. Kunkel, A. N. LeGrande, L. R. Leung, R. S. Vose, D. E. Waliser, and M. F. Wehner, 2017: Precipitation Change in the United States. Clemson Cooperative Extension, 2018: About Peaches. Deal, N., 2017: Deal declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Irma. In the future, this flooding is projected to become more serious, disruptive, and costly as its frequency, depth, and inland extent grow with time (Ch. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), . Hauer, M. E., 2017: Migration induced by sea-level rise could reshape the US population landscape. B. Claydon, T. L. Metz, A. L. Gordon, A. M. Landry, D. J. Shaver, J. Blumenthal, L. Collyer, B. J. Godley, A. McGowan, M. J. Witt, C. L. Campbell, C. J. Lagueux, T. L. Bethel, and L. Kenyon, 2017: Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic. Rising, M. Delgado, S. Mohan, D. J. Rasmussen, R. Muir-Wood, P. Wilson, M. Oppenheimer, K. Larsen, and T. Houser, 2017: Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Annual occurrences of high tide coastal flooding have increased 5- to 10-fold since the 1960s in several low-lying coastal cities in the Southeast (Figure 19.7).51,60 In 2015, several Southeast coastal cities experienced all-time records of coastal flooding occurrences, including Wilmington, NC (90 days), Charleston, SC (38 days), Mayport, FL (19 days), Miami, FL (18 days), Key West, FL (14 days), and Fernandina Beach, FL (7 days). Climate trends and possible climate futures show patterns that are already impactingand are projected to further impactrural sectors, from agriculture and forestry to human health and labor productivity. Increases in temperatures, water stress, freeze-free days, drought, and wildfire risks, together with changing conditions for invasive species and the movement of diseases, create a number of potential risks for existing agricultural systems (Ch. 5: Vector-borne diseases . Noss, R. F., 2012: Forgotten Grasslands of the South: Natural History and Conservation. For example, higher rates of heat-related illness have been reported in rural North Carolina compared to urban locations.280 However, strategies to reduce health impacts on hot days, such as staying indoors or altering times outdoors, are already contributing to reducing heat-related illness in the Southeast.281, Workers in the agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing sectors together with construction and support, waste, and remediation services work are the most highly vulnerable to heat-related deaths in the United States, representing almost 68% of heat-related deaths nationally.282 Six of the ten states with the highest occupational heat-related deaths in these sectors are in the Southeast region, accounting for 28.6% of occupational heat-related deaths between 2000 and 2010.282 By 2090, under a higher scenario (RCP8.5), the Southeast is projected to have the largest heat-related impacts on labor productivity in the country, resulting in average annual losses of 570 million labor hours, or $47 billion (in 2015 dollars, undiscounted), a cost representing a third of total national projected losses, although these figures do not include adaptations by workers or industries (Figure 19.21).35, Investing in increased cooling is one likely form of adaptation. Mayor's Office, Charleston, SC, 17 pp. (See the dark brown counties in Figure 1.). Rural areas are, more than ever, integrated into a regional economy and tied to nearby urban centers. 15: Tribes, KM 3). Business and Industries. - Products: Tobacco products, informational technology. Regional economic integration depends upon robust market relationships and communications between rural and urban areas. AJC Staff, 2017: Gov. On the coastal plains of North Carolina, the main industries are Agriculture and defense. In addition, high levels of migration, whether into or out of an area, can lead to unemployment, depending on how businesses grow or adapt to change. There are limited studies documenting direct connections between climate changes and economic impacts. The Coastal Plains has other resources such as fish, grain, citrus fruits, poultry, and helium is also produced there. Water Utility Climate Alliance (WUCA), Las Vegas, NV, 6 pp. In the southern Appalachians, ramps are threatened by two major processes: overharvesting pressures and a changing climate that could expose these plants to higher temperatures and lower soil moisture conditions during sensitive growth periods (Ch. Irma was a Category 4 storm with 130 mph wind speeds when it made landfall at Cudjoe Key, Florida (20 miles north of Key West). Land is related to climate, growing season, and soil types. Inland areas were also impacted by winds and heavy rains with river gauges and high-water marks showing upwards of 26 feet above ground level.100 The winds eventually fell below tropical storm strength near Columbus, Georgia. Future temperature increases are projected to pose challenges to human health. Office of the Governor, Atlanta, GA. September 6. 20: U.S. Caribbean, KM 3).204 With higher sea levels and increasing saltwater intrusion, the high winds, high precipitation rates, storm surges, and salts that accompany hurricanes will have large ecological impacts to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems.209,210, An example of the effects of rising sea levels can be found in Louisiana, which faces some of the highest land loss rates in the world. Embedded in these land- and seascapes is a rich cultural history developed over generations by the many communities that call this region home. From October 15, 2015, deep tropical moisture combined with a slow-moving (stalled) upper-level low pressure system to pump moisture into South Carolinas coastal and interior regions. Wiki User. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and J. F. Bruno, 2010: The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems. Natural amenities, like attractive scenery and recreational opportunities, draw people to rural areas and have boosted the wealth of many waterfront communities. The Coastal Plains have a varied economy. When these cities experience high tide coastal flooding due to perigean tides, the tidewater enters the storm water system, which prevents rainwater from entering storm drains and causes increased impacts from flooding. Much of the affected region received between 10 and 26 inches of rain over the 4-day event, breaking many all-time precipitation records (Figure 19.12). Vose, R. S., D. R. Easterling, K. E. Kunkel, A. N. LeGrande, and M. F. Wehner, 2017: Temperature Changes in the United States. Where climatic thresholds are crossed, certain ecosystem and landscapes will be transformed by changing winter air temperatures. 12: Transportation, KM 1; Ch. 3 Fulton, John A., Fuguitt, Glenn V., and Richard M. Gibson. Infrastructure, particularly roads, bridges, coastal properties, and urban drainage, is vulnerable to climate change and climate-related events (see Key Message 2) (see also Ch. Events of such magnitudes are projected to become more likely in the future due to a changing climate,19,87 putting more people in peril from future floods. ), competing schools of thought, Inconclusive evidence (limited sources, extrapolations, inconsistent findings, poor documentation and/or methods not tested, etc. McNeill, R., D. J. Nelson, and D. Wilson, 2014: Water's edge: The crisis of rising sea levels. Over time, the population growth rates of metropolitan counties have increased in comparison with non-metropolitan counties. Existing flood map boundaries do not account for future flood risk due to the increasing frequency of more intense precipitation events, as well as new development that would reduce the floodplain's ability to manage storm water. NWS, 2017: Detailed Meteorological Summary on Hurricane Irma [web page]. NWS starts with the assumption that when the average outside temperature is 65F, heating or cooling is not needed in order to be comfortable. Couvillion, B. R., H. Beck, D. Schoolmaster, and M. Fischer, 2017: Land area change in coastal Louisiana (1932 to 2016). The prolonged inundation and lack of oxygen that result from extreme rainfall events can also result in mortality and large impacts to natural systems.233 In combination, future increases in both extreme drought and extreme rainfall are expected to transform many southeastern ecosystems.

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