calculate crosswind component e6b

One item that is frequently misunderstood is how to determine the crosswind component. sin30 = .5 (with a wind from 30 degrees the cwc is half the total wind) Obviously, when it comes time to calculate your actual performance, you'll want to pull out your POH. Email me with help as this is really confusing me. 03 Jan 2005 16:54 This Pilots Tip of the Week was originally published on 3/21/2018. Try the above method with winds of different strengths. A wind angle of 20 degrees means 20 minutes around the clock face, which is one-third of the way around the clock face. Forflite gives you little arrows that point in the relative direction to the runway. STEP 2. Example: It is at its highest when an angle reaches 90 and at its lowest when the angle is 0. :). Follow that line until you reach the correct wind speed (the arches describe the wind speed). 30 minutes, which is 1/2 around clockface. Keep in mind, you'll want to add a few miles on to your number, so you hit pattern altitude slightly before you get to the airport. To find the crosswind component, you need to multiply wind speed by the sine of the angle between wind direction and the direction you're facing: crosswind speed = wind speed sin () In this text, is the angle of the wind from the direction of travel. Some navigation instruments provide pilots with the wind components' values. And while en route, you can update your groundspeed calculations . You can either convert the degrees (060-010 = 50 by the way) to radians, or you can switch your calculator into degrees mode and try your calculation again. Vector and Scalar quantities are mathematical formulations that assist us in modelling the physical quantities of the world around us. It is important to note that even though the maximum demonstrated crosswind component is not regulatory or limiting, it would be wise to consider it when determining aircraft performance. Lets take a look at the how a wind component chart is used. For a heading (H), wind direction (D) and wind speed (S), the crosswind component can be found with: Im trying to get to grips with this heres a sample question I had but I cant get it to correspond to the possible answers I keep getting 21.6666666, You are on runway 01 and are ready for departure. Calculate the Magnetic wind direction: (290 - 15 = 275). Subtract the smaller number from the larger number, unless crossing 360. So either 15, 30, 45, or 60. Sure, you may know the crosswind component when you take off, but the wind can change direction completely! The E6B pad will calculate crosswind, head/tailwind component and present the results graphically. D 25 kts. Try it for free with the link below!http://bit.ly/2I3evAd Instrument Pilot Ground School:-Learn all the abbreviations and IFR speak-Approach Plates and Procedures-Airspace-Rules and Regulations-Systems-Real World Scenarios-Accident case studies when things went wrong-Written test prep-Oral and Checkride Prep-Etc, Click the link below to check out the course!http://bit.ly/2I3hZTrCommercial Pilot Bootcamp:-Learn about Holding Out-Maintenance Requirements-Systems-Airspace-Rules and Regulations-See full oral exams and checkride videoshttp://bit.ly/2I5W4eo Check out our many other courses too!-Tailwheel-Crosswind Landings-Weather-Airspace-Seaplane-Sport Pilot-Spin Awareness-Accident Case Studies-And more! Note that when reading the total wind velocity, follow the shape of the arcs from either axis instead of tracing vertically or horizontally to the axes. The dot product of two vectors A and B is written $A \cdot B$ (read as A dot B) and is interpreted as the magnitude of vector A multiplied by the magnitude of the component of B in the direction of A. Look for 50 degrees in the column headings. This linear gradient has a name in trigonometry. The difference between the Runway 01 or 10 degrees and the wind of 60 degrees is 50 degrees. 26 kts is 60% of the way from 20 to 30 kts, so the answer is 60% of the way from 15 to 23. Our crosswind calculator can be used to quickly determine the parallel and crosswind components of the wind relative to the runway. Check the results against the above sine table if you doubt how accurate this is. Quiz: Can You Answer These 5 Private Pilot Checkride Questions? Therefore, in the example given above (Rwy 21 - W/ V 240/20) the angular difference is 30 degrees, and the sine of 30 degrees is 0.5. Tony Harrison-Smith I have another method of determining head wind component to calculate my target and reference speeds but that would probably go to far. 60-degree wind angle or more. It may not seem like much, but it can easily be the difference between a sporting crosswind approach and landing and exceeding the crosswind limit of your aircraft with disastrous results. Can You Take Off With Another Plane On The Runway? Whether you are a pilot, van driver, or race cyclist, you need to take crosswinds into account to travel safely. What would you say if we told you that sometimes a crosswind is a good thing? Although the computer does all the necessary computations for you, the good old graphic E6B will live forever. 0. Then divide the wind speed by ten: 15 10 = 1.5. If you regularly turn on Airplane mode . The bottom box contains a headwind/crosswind component graph, which is used to determine the headwind and crosswind components of a crosswind on a runway. Use the body fat calculator to estimate what percentage of your body weight comprises of body fat. If the number has only two digits, include a zero before the first number. Skip to the end of the images . Large aircraft leave trails of turbulent air behind them (especially when landing and taking off). How to calculate crosswind component? Sure, the angle is less, but the overall strength of the wind is higher. Once youve checked the table, see how it applies to our examples below. Nice! Well, remember the following, and youll be in a great place: . Cryptex - 10 Steps for 110 Possibles Designs. 20 = 2 = 2/6 In the example, 030 - 010 = 20. If you fly often, you might want to look at flight radiation calculator to estimate the cosmic-radiation exposure you get during your airplane flight. Too many NTSB reports hint at people taking off with planning calculations based on heresay or incorrect data. So 10 degrees off is 1/6th, 20 degrees is 2/6ths (ie 1/3rd), 30 degrees is 3/6ths (ie 1/2), and so on. The angle between the two vectors follows once the equation is rearranged to solve for the angle theta. Voila, the crosswind is 7.5 knots! The 4 sinus numbers of 30, 50, 60, and 80 degrees. Go to the vector projection calculator to learn more. Thank You!Take our online PILOT GROUND SCHOOLPrivate Pilot:-Everything you need to know start to finish-How to choose an Instructor-How to perform the maneuvers-Airspace-Landings-Oral and Checkride prep (premium version)-And so much more! In our scenario, take the wind direction of 210 and subtract the runway heading of 180, giving us a difference of 30. It will ensure that you never exceed landing limits, provided you know the wind direction and strength. At least it would require trigonometry if you didn't use some sort of flight computer, either [] For example, a question may ask for the total wind velocity while providing you with a crosswind component of 13 knots and a difference of 30 between the runway and the total wind velocity. Hi Become a better pilot.Subscribe to get the latest videos, articles, and quizzes that make you a smarter, safer pilot. The subscripts refer to the components of the vectors in the x and y direction. . Once we have the angle between the wind and the runway, we can easily resolve this into a parallel component (headwind or tailwind) and a perpendicular component (crosswind from the left or right) using trigonometry. Learn More. Can anyone help me please. Before taking off I need to ensure that the crosswind component of the wind is less than 12kts, First calculate angle between runway and wind direction . I use my method all the time and I can figure this out within 2 seconds. A 23 kts Note that the headwind + the crosswind do not equal the wind speed. Heres how the above works concerning crosswind. Locate the 30 diagonal line on the chart starting at point A, and follow that 30 line towards the center until the line intersects the 40-knot arc at point B. Sign up here to receive tips like this every week along with videos, quizzes and more. Paul In the example, if the winds are reported at 030 at 13 knots, the closest runway is runway 1, which is pointed in the 010 direction. This angle should be between -90 and 90 degrees. Handy hints like this make learning to fly so much easier. depict the total wind velocity. The good news is that a crosswind can help push this turbulent air away from the runway. Check the table again. Our online courses make difficult concepts simple and are ideal for new pilots. Then add the two numbers together to find the difference. Find KMRY's Magnetic Variation (15 E). From that information, the pilot can decide whether it is wise to continue with the landing. The people who write these papers know all the rules of thumb and just love to do this to students! E6B, NavLog Calculator, Weather Reports, METAR, TAF, Wind Components, Instrument Simulator, Weight and Balance, Pressure Altitude, Density Altitude, True Air Speed . A detailed description of the methodology used to perform the calculation is given below the calculator. Well, watch what happens in our next example, The wind has now shifted and is only 30 different from our heading. We use the reported wind to decide which runway to use at a non-towered airport, but its extremely rare when a pilot decides not to attempt the landing at all and diverts to another airport. Quiz: Do You Know These 6 Uncommon VFR Chart Symbols? 45 minutes, which is 3/4 around clockface. Wind Direction : Wind Speed : Gust Speed (if any) : Apply gusts at 50%. Good suggestions in this thread. The other method uses your Direction Indicator to visualise the crosswind component. To convert 50 degrees into radians, multiply by pi/180, there should be a pi symbol on your calc, if not, use 3.141. Weve got plenty more handy hacks to help when you are learning to fly. This can cause severe upsets to the flight path of a light aircraft. In the example, follow the 20 line out to somewhere between the 10 and 15 knot arcs, around where 13 knots would be. Often, airplanes are only certified to land within certain crosswind components. VFR pilots can make good use of the ILS too. 0.75 sine is roughly at the 50-degree mark. The calculator side consists of a stationary portion with a flat circular portion attached. Divide the altitude you need to lose by 300. STEP 3. If not, dont worry too much as we will explain it in really simple terms. From this point go straight down to find the crosswind component, and straight to the left to find the headwind component. However, you can determine that ForeFlight is correct, and there is no crosswind. To get free tips like this each week, subscribe at the bottom of the page. The crosswind component is one-third of the total wind. Tracing vertically or horizontally leads to the crosswind and headwind components, respectively. 10 = 1 = 1/6 The circular portion can be turned. crosswind = 3/4 * total wind. By having a basic understanding of trigonometry, we can apply a few simple rules that make a quick crosswind calculation really easy. The wind strength is 25 knots. if angle = 50 deg then crosswind component = 5/6 wind strength On the wind component chart that can be found in the planes information manual, follow the line that represents the difference found, and mark where it intersects with the wind speed arc. There might be the occasional difference of a knot or two here or there, but, generally, as we pilots say, it is close enough for government work. the answer is B 20 kts. For example, in Denver, with an increase of 3,200' of density altitude, you'd increase your takeoff roll by about 32%. 60 minutes, which is 100 percent of the way around a clockface. If you like charts, you can lay out common numbers and interpolate between them: A 60-degree wind angle or more is 100 percent around the clock face, you might as well treat it as a direct crosswind. It also has the advantage of being able to use a similar method to . Taking lesson 14 as example wind direction 270 deg runway is 230 deg therefore angle = 40 deg, if angle = 10 deg then crosswind component = 1/6 wind strength Now picture an analog clock face. Looking at the airport diagram in the chart supplement, find the numbers on the end of each runway. In the example shown above, these numbers are 14, 19, 1, and 32. When Should You Initiate A 'Pilot's-Discretion' Descent? So if you're a half dot off as you approach the runway, you're going to be looking at the runway edge lights. Calculating the crosswind is the sinus function of the wind angle, therefore another way to simply figure out crosswind is to know 4 sinus numbers. Sine is the name given to a trigonometric function. Where the straight brackets |A| represents the magnitude of the vectors (the wind speed in our case). As the name would suggest, a crosswind is any wind element that imparts sideways deviation on the aircraft I.e., across. How does hair grow? Relax. See wind components for any airport. Determine, based on the 360 circle, which runway is closest in direction to the wind direction given. if angle = 40 deg then crosswind component = 2/3 wind strength Why Does Maneuvering Speed Change With Weight? assuming more rather than less. It represents a plane's magnetic direction of travel. This blog explains how to determine the headwind and crosswind component for a given set of conditions by using the wind component chart. Here is a method an E6B computer might use to calculate crosswind. Graphic E6B with Demo Mode! One piece in particular that must be familiarized is the headwind and crosswind component, because this effects which runway is being used for takeoffs and landings, as well as how you will complete the takeoff or landing, and most importantly, whether or not it is safe to takeoff and land. What are other rules-of-thumb do you use? Runway = 09, Headwind = 20*cos (70-90) = 18.79 (Headwind), Crosswind = 20*sin (70-90) = -6.84 (from the left). Make an attempt beyond these limits, and you could find yourself in a sticky situation. sham. Now, you may think that the crosswind component will be lower. Ciruits will soon become a matter of habit and will give you a chance to by Subscribe to get the latest videos, articles, and quizzes that make you a smarter, safer pilot. If the wind is on one side of 360 and the runway is on the other, subtract the higher number from 360, and zero from the lower number. It is found in only one other place online, where it is scheduled for deletion. Find out using this hair growth calculator! $$ \cos{\theta} = \frac{A \cdot B}{|A||B|} $$. Step by Step Quick Crosswind Calculation. Quiz: These 6 Aerodynamic Designs Are For Quiz: Do You Know These 5 IFR Aircraft Requirements? Our crosswind calculator can be used to quickly determine the parallel and crosswind components of the wind relative to the runway. 26 * cos(50) = 16.712 rounding brings us up to 17. By making an on the spot appraisal of the crosswind, you can ensure you apply the right control inputs at the right time. Quiz: What Should You Do When ATC Says '______'? on this, Good luck with the lessons. Trigonometry is the study of angles and how they interact in various geometric shapes. Quickly calculating the crosswind component in real world flying is important for crosswind take off and crosswind landings. And while this rule is far from exact, it gets you in the ball park for a normally aspirated plane. Given two vectors A and B, the dot product between them is calculated as: $$ A \cdot B = \left( A_{x} \cdot B_{x} \right) + \left( A_{y} \cdot B_{y} \right) = |A||B|\cos{\theta} $$. Calculator side of the Aero Products Research E6-B9 flight computer. Shop now: https://www.sportys.com/pilotshop/sporty-s-new-electronic-e6b-flight-computer.htmlOver 240,000 pilots have trusted Sportys Electronic E6Bs over the years for fast flight planning and accurate FAA test calculations. Look on the back of your E6B for the Wind Correction Chart. If you are preparing for a knowledge test, you can also use the crosswind chart to work backwards. Quiz: Can You Answer These 6 Aerodynamics Questions? 60 = 6 = 6/6 When you're on the ground, it's easy to use the crosswind chart in your POH, or an E6B. The diagonal lines represent the angular difference between the runway heading and direction the wind is coming from. Subtract the smaller number from the larger number, unless crossing 360. Now, add two: 3 + 2 = 5. Wind speed (or more correctly the wind velocity) can only be fully described when quoting the wind speed (magnitude) and the prevailing wind direction. How long will it take my hair to grow 2 inches? Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, . Well, aside from potentially losing control of the aircraft, you also risk invalidating any insurance. on this, I think I left a comment back when you were still flying in 2004; glad to see you back in the air! It's the same for EVERY airplane, and that's what the "max demonstrated crosswind" in the POH is. Wind Headwind Crosswind W : Wh : 0.00 Wc : 0.00. So if youre landing Runway 18 and the wind is 160 at 10, the wind is 20 degrees off the runway (180-160=20). A detailed description of the methodology used to perform the calculation is given . If you look at the crosswind chart and trace these lines, you will notice that they intersect at a point. Maintaining a good instrument scan is hard work at the best of times. Any exam paper is going to expect you to round your answers in the safe direction, which in this case it upwards; ie. runway 31 wind 270/10 WA + 20 = %WV 40 + 20 = 60% of 10kts = 6kts, runway 24 wind 270/12 WA + 20 = %WV 30 + 20 = 50% of 12kts = 6kts, runway 18 wind 260/08 WA + 20 = %WV 80 + 20 = 100% of 8kts = 8kts. It is easy to achieve if you can tell the time and have a very basic understanding of math. Check out 24 similar transportation calculators , Wind components: crosswind, headwind, and tailwind. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The dot product is calculated by multiplying the x-components of the two vectors and adding this to the product of the y-components. Tailwind is the wind that blows in the direction of travel. Before a flight, it is important to be familiar with all current weather information. One of the calculators I found today is here The sine of 90 is 1. It's not quite as accurate as yours but it does the trick and is easy to remember! Restricted airspace is an area typically used by the military where air traffic is restricted or prohibited for safety reasons. Round the difference in wind direction and head up to the nearest 15 degrees (to a maximum of 60). When an aircraft is certified, a pilot tests the crosswind capability with a 90-degree crosswind of at least .2 times VSO. Using a little simple math and a fair handful of rounding, you can make a really good estimate as to what the crosswind is. I hadnt seen the one from Peter before. So we have built in a fully animated graphic E6B with wind slider and calculator wheel. Quiz: Do You Know How These 5 Aircraft Design Features Work? When an aircraft is certified, a pilot tests the crosswind capability with a 90-degree crosswind of at least .2 times V, he vertical axis represents the headwind component of the wind, he horizontal axis represents the crosswind component. If the wind is 30 degrees off the runway, your crosswind component is about 50% of the wind speed. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Our team has years of diverse aviation experience as flight instructors, airline pilots, corporate pilots, military pilots,maintenance technicians, aircraft inspectors, and more. xw = tw * sin (wd-heading) xw = crosswind component, tw = total wind, wd = wind direction. Now that you know your runway options, it is important to choose the runway with the strongest headwind component. on this, Hello. Now that you have mastered an easy technique to quickly calculate crosswind, you may be wondering why it is so important to know this information. Have you ever misunderstood or misread a clearance? At 15 difference, the crosswind would be approximately 5 knots, At 30 difference, the crosswind would be approximately 10 knots, At 45 difference, the crosswind would be approximately 15 knots, At 60 or greater difference, the crosswind would be approximately 20 knots. Since we are only interested in the angle between the two, we can assume that the length of the runway and wind vector are equal to one to simplify the calculation. Learn how to determine the crosswind and headwind components for a flight, using Sporty's Electronic E6B Flight Computer. Pilots have to consider the effect of wind, especially while landing or taking off. The time has come for a quick and dirty solution. ILS: How The Instrument Landing System Works, Restricted Areas: What You Should Know, And How To Operate Around Them, Incorrect Altitude Readback Leads To Near CFIT Incident. In this video we'll take you through the simplest way to find wind correction angles and ground speed using an e6b to help prepare you for your checkride and your FAA written exam.Your Support Makes our Videos possible! Quickly and and easily determine and visualize the parallel and crosswind components of the wind relative to the runway heading. Quiz: Can You Answer These 6 Regulations Questions? So as above, landing Runway 18 with the winds 160 at 10: Crosswind = 20 degrees -> 20 minutes -> 1/3 * 10 knots = 3.3 knots crosswind, Headwind = 90 20 = 70 -> 70 minutes -> 100 percent * 10 knots = essentially 10 knots headwind, This second calculation is more important if landing with a tailwind. If the wind is on one side of 360 and the runway is on the other, subtract the higher number from 360, and zero from the lower number. Go for the wingsuit http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/men/article4399319.ece by I agree with 13 above. Heres a link that has a flash lesson on calculating crosswind components: www.faagroundschool.com. Crosswind is referenced in terms of knots, a fancy aviation term for nautical miles per hour. Please refer to our privacy policy for further information. . How Pitot-Static Failures Affect Your Indicated Airspeed And Altitude, How To Go Missed From A Circling Approach, High On Final? The wind and the runway are both vector quantities (have a magnitude and direction) and so the dot product of the two will give us $ \theta $ which is the angle between them. While this is close enough to fly with, its right in the middle between 2 of your exam question answers. In this video I am going to tea. But how strong is it, and how big will its effects be? Copyright 1995-2023 Gleim Publications, Inc. and/or Gleim Internet, Inc. If your personal crosswind comfort gets down to five knots, or less than the typical crosswinds you encounter, its time get some dual instruction on crosswind landings.. Headwind component is simply the angle of the headwind calculated in the same method. Can you think of anything else where 15 equals a quarter, 30 equals half, 45 equals three quarters, and 60 is full. 30 = 3 = 3/6 We will also explain how to use a crosswind component chart. You can also do this to determine headwind/tailwind, but you must take thewind angle and subtract it from 90 first. In the example, the crosswind can be read around 5, and the headwind is around 13. 120 divided by 60 is 2, so our speed number is 2. It is important to exercise good judgment in such a scenario and err on the side of caution. 2023 AeroToolbox.com | Built in Python by, Aerodynamic Lift, Drag and Moment Coefficients, Aircraft Horizontal and Vertical Tail Design, A vector quantity is such a quantity that requires both a, A scalar quantity is a quantity that can be fully described by a. Heres a compact table where the wind speed stays the same and only the direction changes to make life easy. Quiz: 6 Questions To See How Much You Know About Aerodynamics. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is a radio navigation system that provides precision guidance to aircraft approaching a runway. |Tags:Flying Imagine the difference in terms of minutes on a clock face. Estimate the crosswind as 1/6th of the wind speed for each 10 degrees off the runway heading. http://www.paragonair.com/public/aircraft/calc_crosswind.html, Headwind=(wind strength*cos(wind direction-runway direction) positive value headwind, -ve value is a tailwind, Crosswind=(wind strength*sin(wind direction-runway direction) positive value crosswind is from the right, -ve from left, e.g. To keep that scan rate going, youll need a few tricks in the bag to estimate crosswind. Quickly and and easily determine and The quickest method to calculate the crosswind is the clock face method. The crosswind calculator will tell you the speeds of all acting wind components. Well, there are plenty of good reasons. Before we go into detail about performing a quick crosswind calculation, here is how the math behind it works in detail. Reading between the lines If 90 winds cause the greatest crosswind effect and 0 wind has the least effect, we can safely assume there is some linear gradient when the wind falls between these two angles. Two things determine how great the crosswind component is. But when you're in the air, neither of those options are very practical. For example, lets say that you are on final for Runway 18, and the winds are 210 at 40 knots. Lets see what happens when we do the math. Remember above when we told you to pay attention to the highlighted angles. Unless the wind at a given airport is blowing straight does the runway, the wind velocity is split into two vector components: the headwind component and the crosswind component. In order to calculate the crosswind and headwind components, we first need to determine the difference between the runway heading and the direction the wind is coming from. Looking at my numbers here, it looks more complicated than previous suggestions, but it really depends on how accurate you want to be and what method you feel most comfortable with. Compute and record the crosswind component for every landing you make, with a subjective judgment of your level of comfort making that landing. sin50 = .75 (with a wind from 50 degrees the cwc is 3/4 the total wind) The takeaway from the above should be that the greater the angle, the stronger the crosswind! There is a quick, easy and reliable way to work it out. By quickly estimating the crosswind using the above technique, youll be able to focus on the task at hand. Ive tried various methods including rules of thumb, crosswind charts and online calculators and the answers are consistently slightly more than 22knots. Stack Exchange Network. Heres a step-by-step guide to performing a quick crosswind calculation in seconds. Headwind blows in the opposite direction. R18 260/08 = 7kts (he said 8). You may be surprised to learn that you also have to apply wind corrections to instruments too! The closer you get to the runway, the more sensitive the signal is. Wind direction = 070 When you're on the ground, it's easy to use the crosswind chart in your POH, or an E6B. 0.09. Quiz: Can You Identify These 7 Cloud Formations? You wont have time to be messing around with a flight computer or crosswind chart. But when you're in the air, neither of those options are very practical. Mostly it blows at a certain angle and can be separated into two portions components. 5. This Instructable will walk you through how to determine which runway to takeoff and land on, as well as how to find the crosswind and headwind components. 18kts wind divided by 2 is 9. You can also use an E6B Flight Computer to . Often enroute, winds shift, and the little red/green thing is useless if it hasn't updated in flight. All of the results calculated in this table were arrived at using the formula youve seen in the examples above: . here is another method that is quite accurate to figure out crosswinds and it works great for me: Take the angle between the wind and the runway (WA), add 20, and you have the crosswind in percent of the wind vector (WV). This simple concept is super useful to know when flying. So if you have a 1,500' takeoff roll on a standard day in Denver (3 degrees C), you'll increase that roll to almost 2,000' on a 30C day. These represent the directions on a 360 circle, as shown above. Simon, I think the answer to your question is in fact A 23 knots. Lets go through how to perform the calculation. Read the text to learn what is and how to calculate the crosswind component. Wind Components Calculator. However, you cannot assume that the crosswind effect is 0.5 sine at 45 degrees; it is actually at 30 degrees. Sign up here to receive tips like this every week along with videos, quizzes and more. Make a note of the wind speed and general direction. Written by Ryan Jeff, Aviation Research Assistant, Questions? As aviators, we are required to interpret numerous charts for planning purposes. This is an approximation to Juliexrays answer since the chart isnt really linear but for most purposes it is close enough. Follow-up to Crosswind Circuits Lesson 14 from Christine's Flying blog, Cessna 152 has maximun crosswind component of 12 kts. ContactUs Online. There is also another wind component called crosswind. IFR Communication A Pilot-Friendly Manual, VFR Communications A Pilot-Friendly Manual, Airplane Engines A Pilot-Friendly Manual, Pilot Exercise ProgramA Pilot-Friendly Manual, Flying Companion A Pilot-Friendly Manual, If the wind differs from the runway heading by, If the difference between the wind and runway heading is.

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